fix(cleanup): kill Unix step process group on cancel to avoid hang (#1025)

Cancelling a job on a Linux/macOS host runner can leave the spawned process
tree running and hang the runner — the same failure mode fixed for Windows in
#1011, just on the other platforms.

Steps are launched as process-group leaders (`Setpgid`, or `Setsid` for the PTY
path), but the default `exec.CommandContext` cancellation only kills the
**direct child**. When a step launches a shell that starts a child which in turn
spawns further background processes, cancelling the job leaves the descendants
running. Because those orphans inherited the step's stdout/stderr pipe, the read
end never hits EOF and `cmd.Wait()` blocks forever.

Because the step executor never returns:
- the orphaned processes keep running (the cancelled work is not actually
  stopped), and
- end-of-job cleanup is never reached, so the runner appears to go offline / stop
  picking up jobs.

## Fix

Apply the same tree-kill approach as Windows, using the Unix counterpart of a Job
Object: the **process group**.

- Add a Unix `processKiller` (`process_unix.go`) that captures the step's PGID
  (== PID, since the step is launched as a group leader) and sends `SIGKILL` to
  the whole group on cancellation. This also closes the inherited pipe handles so
  `cmd.Wait()` can return. `ESRCH` (group already gone) is not treated as an error.
- Restrict the previous no-op stub (`process_other.go`) to `plan9` and have it
  fall back to a single-process kill, preserving plan9's prior behaviour.
- Wire `cmd.Cancel` (tree kill) and `cmd.WaitDelay` (10s) **unconditionally** in
  `exec()` instead of Windows-only. `WaitDelay` also covers a step that
  backgrounds a process holding the pipe open after the main process exits.

Reviewed-on: https://gitea.com/gitea/runner/pulls/1025
Reviewed-by: Zettat123 <39446+zettat123@noreply.gitea.com>

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -9,14 +9,36 @@ jobs:
   lint:
     name: check and test
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      # The runner image ships a stale docker.io login; point docker at an empty config so
+      # image pulls go straight to anonymous instead of attempting (and failing) that auth
+      # first. The path must be a literal: the `runner` context is unavailable in job-level
+      # env, so `${{ runner.temp }}` would resolve to empty and config.Dir() would fall back
+      # to ~/.docker with the stale credentials.
+      DOCKER_CONFIG: /tmp/docker-noauth
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+      - name: prepare anonymous docker config
+        run: mkdir -p "$DOCKER_CONFIG" && echo '{}' > "$DOCKER_CONFIG/config.json"
+      # Pre-pull act/runner's two largest base images so a slow pull can't dominate `make test`;
+      # the rest (alpine/ubuntu) pull on demand, absorbed by the make-test -timeout. The host
+      # daemon retains them between runs, so this is usually a fast manifest re-check.
+      - name: pre-pull test images
+        run: |
+          for img in node:24-bookworm-slim nginx:alpine; do
+            for try in 1 2 3; do docker pull "$img" && break || sleep 5; done
+          done
       - name: lint
         run: make lint
       - name: build
         run: make build
       - name: test
-        run: make test
+        run: make test
+      # Build the dind image and run the daemon-facing tests against the docker version it
+      # ships, catching daemon-level regressions (e.g. gitea/runner#981) before release. Runs
+      # after `make test` so the images it needs are already present on the host daemon.
+      - name: test against dind image
+        run: make test-dind

Dockerfile

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ RUN make clean && make build
 ### DIND VARIANT
 #
 #
-FROM docker:29.5.2-dind AS dind
+FROM docker:29.5.3-dind AS dind
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["s6-svscan","/etc/s6"]
 ### DIND-ROOTLESS VARIANT
 #
 #
-FROM docker:29.5.2-dind-rootless AS dind-rootless
+FROM docker:29.5.3-dind-rootless AS dind-rootless
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["s6-svscan","/etc/s6"]
 ### BASIC VARIANT
 #
 #
-FROM alpine:3.23 AS basic
+FROM alpine:3.24 AS basic
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 

Makefile

@@ -140,8 +140,12 @@ tidy-check: tidy
 	fi
 
 .PHONY: test
-test: fmt-check security-check ## test everything
-	@$(GO) test -race -short -v -cover -coverprofile coverage.txt ./... && echo "\n==>\033[32m Ok\033[m\n" || exit 1
+test: fmt-check security-check ## test everything (integration tests self-skip without docker/network)
+	@$(GO) test -race -timeout 20m -v -cover -coverprofile coverage.txt ./... && echo "\n==>\033[32m Ok\033[m\n" || exit 1
+
+.PHONY: test-dind
+test-dind: ## run the daemon-facing tests against the built dind image (TARGET=dind|dind-rootless)
+	@./scripts/test-dind.sh $(TARGET)
 
 .PHONY: install
 install: $(GOFILES) ## install the runner binary via `go install`

README.md

@@ -85,6 +85,44 @@ docker run -e GITEA_INSTANCE_URL=https://your_gitea.com -e GITEA_RUNNER_REGISTRA
 
 Mount a volume on `/data` if you want the registration file and optional config to survive container recreation (see [scripts/run.sh](scripts/run.sh)).
 
+### Image flavours
+
+The image is published in three flavours, all built from the single multi-stage [Dockerfile](Dockerfile) in this repository. They differ only in how a Docker daemon is made available to the jobs the runner executes; the `gitea-runner` binary inside them is identical.
+
+| Tag | Build target | Base image | Docker daemon | Process supervisor | Runs as |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `latest` (and `<version>`) | `basic` | `alpine` | none — uses an external daemon you provide | [`tini`](https://github.com/krallin/tini) | `root` |
+| `latest-dind` | `dind` | `docker:dind` | bundled, started inside the container | [`s6`](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/) | `root` (privileged) |
+| `latest-dind-rootless` | `dind-rootless` | `docker:dind-rootless` | bundled, started rootless inside the container | [`s6`](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/) | `rootless` (UID 1000) |
+
+#### `latest` — basic
+
+The default flavour ships only the runner on a minimal Alpine base. It contains **no Docker daemon of its own**: jobs that use `docker://` images need a daemon supplied from outside the container, typically by bind-mounting the host's socket:
+
+```bash
+docker run -e GITEA_INSTANCE_URL=https://your_gitea.com -e GITEA_RUNNER_REGISTRATION_TOKEN=<your_token> \
+  -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --name my_runner gitea/runner:latest
+```
+
+`tini` is the entrypoint (it reaps zombie processes), and it just runs [`scripts/run.sh`](scripts/run.sh), which registers the runner on first start and then execs `gitea-runner daemon`. This flavour does not need `--privileged`. The trade-off is that jobs share the host's daemon, so they can see other containers and images on that daemon.
+
+#### `latest-dind` — Docker-in-Docker
+
+This flavour is based on the official `docker:dind` image and bundles its own Docker daemon, so it needs no external socket — only the `--privileged` flag that Docker-in-Docker requires:
+
+```bash
+docker run --privileged -e GITEA_INSTANCE_URL=https://your_gitea.com -e GITEA_RUNNER_REGISTRATION_TOKEN=<your_token> \
+  --name my_runner gitea/runner:latest-dind
+```
+
+Two processes have to run side by side here (the Docker daemon and the runner), so the entrypoint is the [`s6`](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/) supervision tree under [`scripts/s6`](scripts/s6) instead of `tini`. `s6` starts `dockerd`, and the runner service waits for the daemon to come up (`s6-svwait`) before launching [`run.sh`](scripts/run.sh). Each container has a private daemon isolated from the host's, at the cost of running privileged.
+
+#### `latest-dind-rootless` — rootless Docker-in-Docker
+
+Same idea as `dind`, but built on `docker:dind-rootless` so the bundled daemon and the runner run as an unprivileged user (`rootless`, UID 1000) rather than `root`. `DOCKER_HOST` is preset to `unix:///run/user/1000/docker.sock` so the runner talks to the rootless daemon. This reduces the blast radius compared to the privileged `dind` flavour, but rootless Docker carries the usual rootless limitations (networking, cgroups, storage drivers, and some operations that need additional host configuration such as `/etc/subuid` / `/etc/subgid` mappings and unprivileged user-namespace support).
+
+> **Note on Podman:** these images target the Docker daemon. The bundled `dind`/`dind-rootless` daemons are `dockerd`, not Podman, and the `basic` flavour expects a Docker-compatible socket. Running them under rootless Podman is not a supported configuration, though pointing the `basic` flavour at a Podman socket that emulates the Docker API may work for some workloads.
+
 ### Configuration
 
 The runner is configured with a YAML file. Generate a starting point (this matches what ships in the tree):

act/artifacts/server_test.go

@@ -5,24 +5,25 @@
 package artifacts
 
 import (
-	"context"
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"maps"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
-	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/fstest"
-
-	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
-	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/runner"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 type writableMapFile struct {
@@ -234,89 +235,133 @@ func TestDownloadArtifactFile(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal("content", string(data))
 }
 
-type TestJobFileInfo struct {
-	workdir               string
-	workflowPath          string
-	eventName             string
-	errorMessage          string
-	platforms             map[string]string
-	containerArchitecture string
-}
-
-var (
-	artifactsPath = path.Join(os.TempDir(), "test-artifacts")
-	artifactsAddr = "127.0.0.1"
-	artifactsPort = "12345"
-)
-
+// TestArtifactFlow drives the real Serve() artifact server over a loopback socket, exercising
+// the same upload -> finalize -> list -> download protocol the upload-artifact/download-artifact
+// actions speak. Running it in-process (rather than from a job container) keeps it network-free
+// and reachable everywhere, including when the CI job is itself a container.
 func TestArtifactFlow(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
+	artifactPath := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Serve the exact routes Serve() wires up, on a real loopback socket via httptest. httptest
+	// picks a free port and Close() tears the server down synchronously — avoiding both the
+	// port-rebind race and Serve()'s detached ListenAndServe goroutine, which logger.Fatal()s
+	// (process exit) on a bind error and can outlive the test's temp-dir cleanup.
+	router := httprouter.New()
+	fsys := readWriteFSImpl{}
+	uploads(router, artifactPath, fsys)
+	downloads(router, artifactPath, fsys)
+	server := httptest.NewServer(router)
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	baseURL := server.URL
+	client := server.Client()
+	client.Timeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+	// request performs one HTTP call and returns the status and body. The default transport adds
+	// Accept-Encoding: gzip and transparently decompresses, so gzipped downloads come back plain.
+	request := func(t *testing.T, method, rawURL string, body io.Reader, header http.Header) (int, []byte) {
+		t.Helper()
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(method, rawURL, body)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		maps.Copy(req.Header, header)
+		resp, err := client.Do(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return resp.StatusCode, data
 	}
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	t.Run("upload-and-download", func(t *testing.T) {
+		const runID, item, content = "1", "my-artifact/data.txt", "hello artifact\n"
 
-	cancel := Serve(ctx, artifactsPath, artifactsAddr, artifactsPort)
-	defer cancel()
+		status, data := request(t, http.MethodPost, baseURL+"/_apis/pipelines/workflows/"+runID+"/artifacts", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+		var prep FileContainerResourceURL
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &prep))
+		require.Equal(t, baseURL+"/upload/"+runID, prep.FileContainerResourceURL)
 
-	platforms := map[string]string{
-		"ubuntu-latest": "node:24-bookworm", // Don't use node:24-bookworm-slim because it doesn't have curl command, which is used in the tests
-	}
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodPut, prep.FileContainerResourceURL+"?itemPath="+url.QueryEscape(item), strings.NewReader(content), nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+		var msg ResponseMessage
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &msg))
+		require.Equal(t, "success", msg.Message)
 
-	tables := []TestJobFileInfo{
-		{"testdata", "upload-and-download", "push", "", platforms, ""},
-		{"testdata", "GHSL-2023-004", "push", "", platforms, ""},
-	}
-	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodPatch, baseURL+"/_apis/pipelines/workflows/"+runID+"/artifacts", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
 
-	for _, table := range tables {
-		runTestJobFile(ctx, t, table)
-	}
-}
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, baseURL+"/_apis/pipelines/workflows/"+runID+"/artifacts", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+		var list NamedFileContainerResourceURLResponse
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &list))
+		require.Equal(t, 1, list.Count)
+		require.Equal(t, "my-artifact", list.Value[0].Name)
 
-func runTestJobFile(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, tjfi TestJobFileInfo) {
-	t.Run(tjfi.workflowPath, func(t *testing.T) {
-		fmt.Printf("::group::%s\n", tjfi.workflowPath) //nolint:forbidigo // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, list.Value[0].FileContainerResourceURL+"?itemPath=my-artifact", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+		var items ContainerItemResponse
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &items))
+		require.Len(t, items.Value, 1)
+		require.Equal(t, "file", items.Value[0].ItemType)
+		require.Equal(t, "my-artifact/data.txt", items.Value[0].Path)
 
-		if err := os.RemoveAll(artifactsPath); err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, items.Value[0].ContentLocation, nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status)
+		require.Equal(t, content, string(data))
 
-		workdir, err := filepath.Abs(tjfi.workdir)
-		assert.NoError(t, err, workdir) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-		fullWorkflowPath := filepath.Join(workdir, tjfi.workflowPath)
-		runnerConfig := &runner.Config{
-			Workdir:               workdir,
-			BindWorkdir:           false,
-			EventName:             tjfi.eventName,
-			Platforms:             tjfi.platforms,
-			ReuseContainers:       false,
-			ContainerArchitecture: tjfi.containerArchitecture,
-			GitHubInstance:        "github.com",
-			ArtifactServerPath:    artifactsPath,
-			ArtifactServerAddr:    artifactsAddr,
-			ArtifactServerPort:    artifactsPort,
-		}
+		stored, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(artifactPath, runID, "my-artifact", "data.txt"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, content, string(stored))
+	})
 
-		runner, err := runner.New(runnerConfig)
-		assert.NoError(t, err, tjfi.workflowPath) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+	t.Run("gzip-roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
+		const runID, item, content = "2", "logs/app.log", "compressed payload\n"
 
-		planner, err := model.NewWorkflowPlanner(fullWorkflowPath, true)
-		assert.NoError(t, err, fullWorkflowPath) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		gz := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+		_, err := gz.Write([]byte(content))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, gz.Close())
 
-		plan, err := planner.PlanEvent(tjfi.eventName)
-		if err == nil {
-			err = runner.NewPlanExecutor(plan)(ctx)
-			if tjfi.errorMessage == "" {
-				assert.NoError(t, err, fullWorkflowPath) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-			} else {
-				assert.Error(t, err, tjfi.errorMessage) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-			}
-		} else {
-			assert.Nil(t, plan)
-		}
+		status, data := request(t, http.MethodPut, baseURL+"/upload/"+runID+"?itemPath="+url.QueryEscape(item),
+			&buf, http.Header{"Content-Encoding": []string{"gzip"}})
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
 
-		fmt.Println("::endgroup::") //nolint:forbidigo // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+		// stored compressed, with the server's gzip marker suffix
+		_, err = os.Stat(filepath.Join(artifactPath, runID, "logs", "app.log.gz__"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, baseURL+"/download/"+runID+"?itemPath=logs", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+		var items ContainerItemResponse
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(data, &items))
+		require.Len(t, items.Value, 1)
+		require.Equal(t, "logs/app.log", items.Value[0].Path)
+
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, items.Value[0].ContentLocation, nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status)
+		require.Equal(t, content, string(data))
+	})
+
+	// GHSL-2023-004: an itemPath that climbs out of the run directory must be neutralised so the
+	// blob cannot be written outside the artifact root.
+	t.Run("GHSL-2023-004", func(t *testing.T) {
+		const runID, content = "3", "contained\n"
+
+		status, data := request(t, http.MethodPut, baseURL+"/upload/"+runID+"?itemPath="+url.QueryEscape("../../escape.txt"),
+			strings.NewReader(content), nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status, string(data))
+
+		stored, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(artifactPath, runID, "escape.txt"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, content, string(stored))
+
+		_, err = os.Stat(filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(artifactPath), "escape.txt"))
+		require.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err), "upload escaped the artifact root")
+
+		status, data = request(t, http.MethodGet, baseURL+"/artifact/"+runID+"/escape.txt", nil, nil)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, status)
+		require.Equal(t, content, string(data))
 	})
 }
 

act/artifacts/testdata/GHSL-2023-004/artifacts.yml

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-
-name: "GHSL-2023-0004"
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test-artifacts:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - run: echo "hello world" > test.txt
-      - name: curl upload
-        run: curl --silent --show-error --fail ${ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL}upload/1?itemPath=../../my-artifact/secret.txt --upload-file test.txt
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: my-artifact
-          path: test-artifacts
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #1'
-        run: |
-          file="test-artifacts/secret.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $file)" != "hello world" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      - name: Verify download should work by clean extra dots
-        run: curl --silent --show-error --fail --path-as-is -o out.txt ${ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL}artifact/1/../../../1/my-artifact/secret.txt
-      - name: 'Verify download content'
-        run: |
-          file="out.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $file)" != "hello world" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi

act/artifacts/testdata/upload-and-download/artifacts.yml

@@ -1,230 +0,0 @@
-
-name: "Test that artifact uploads and downloads succeed"
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test-artifacts:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - run: mkdir -p path/to/artifact
-      - run: echo hello > path/to/artifact/world.txt
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: my-artifact
-          path: path/to/artifact/world.txt
-
-      - run: rm -rf path
-
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: my-artifact
-      - name: Display structure of downloaded files
-        run: ls -la
-
-      # Test end-to-end by uploading two artifacts and then downloading them
-      - name: Create artifact files
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-1
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-2
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-3
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-5
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-6
-          mkdir -p path/to/dir-7
-          echo "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" > path/to/dir-1/file1.txt
-          echo "Hello world from file #2" > path/to/dir-2/file2.txt
-          echo "This is a going to be a test for a large enough file that should get compressed with GZip. The @actions/artifact package uses GZip to upload files. This text should have a compression ratio greater than 100% so it should get uploaded using GZip" > path/to/dir-3/gzip.txt
-          dd if=/dev/random of=path/to/dir-5/file5.rnd bs=1024 count=1024
-          dd if=/dev/random of=path/to/dir-6/file6.rnd bs=1024 count=$((10*1024))
-          dd if=/dev/random of=path/to/dir-7/file7.rnd bs=1024 count=$((10*1024))
-
-      # Upload a single file artifact
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #1'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Artifact-A'
-          path: path/to/dir-1/file1.txt
-      
-      # Upload using a wildcard pattern, name should default to 'artifact' if not provided
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #2'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          path: path/**/dir*/
-      
-      # Upload a directory that contains a file that will be uploaded with GZip
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #3'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'GZip-Artifact'
-          path: path/to/dir-3/
-      
-      # Upload a directory that contains a file that will be uploaded with GZip
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #4'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Multi-Path-Artifact'
-          path: |
-            path/to/dir-1/*
-            path/to/dir-[23]/*
-            !path/to/dir-3/*.txt
-      
-      # Upload a mid-size file artifact
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #5'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Mid-Size-Artifact'
-          path: path/to/dir-5/file5.rnd
-      
-      # Upload a big file artifact
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #6'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Big-Artifact'
-          path: path/to/dir-6/file6.rnd
-
-      # Upload a big file artifact twice
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #7 (First)'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Big-Uploaded-Twice'
-          path: path/to/dir-7/file7.rnd
-
-      # Upload a big file artifact twice
-      - name: 'Upload artifact #7 (Second)'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Big-Uploaded-Twice'
-          path: path/to/dir-7/file7.rnd
-
-      # Verify artifacts. Switch to download-artifact@v2 once it's out of preview
-      
-      # Download Artifact #1 and verify the correctness of the content
-      - name: 'Download artifact #1'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Artifact-A'
-          path: some/new/path
-      
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #1'
-        run: |
-          file="some/new/path/file1.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $file)" != "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      
-      # Download Artifact #2 and verify the correctness of the content
-      - name: 'Download artifact #2'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'artifact'
-          path: some/other/path
-      
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #2'
-        run: |
-          file1="some/other/path/to/dir-1/file1.txt"
-          file2="some/other/path/to/dir-2/file2.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $file1 -o ! -f $file2 ] ; then
-            echo "Expected files do not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $file1)" != "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" -o "$(cat $file2)" != "Hello world from file #2" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifacts are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      
-      # Download Artifact #3 and verify the correctness of the content
-      - name: 'Download artifact #3'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'GZip-Artifact'
-          path: gzip/artifact/path
-      
-      # Because a directory was used as input during the upload the parent directories, path/to/dir-3/, should not be included in the uploaded artifact
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #3'
-        run: |
-          gzipFile="gzip/artifact/path/gzip.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $gzipFile ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file do not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $gzipFile)" != "This is a going to be a test for a large enough file that should get compressed with GZip. The @actions/artifact package uses GZip to upload files. This text should have a compression ratio greater than 100% so it should get uploaded using GZip" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact is incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      
-      - name: 'Download artifact #4'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Multi-Path-Artifact'
-          path: multi/artifact
-      
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #4'
-        run: |
-          file1="multi/artifact/dir-1/file1.txt"
-          file2="multi/artifact/dir-2/file2.txt"
-          if [ ! -f $file1 -o ! -f $file2 ] ; then
-            echo "Expected files do not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if [ "$(cat $file1)" != "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" -o "$(cat $file2)" != "Hello world from file #2" ] ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifacts are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      
-      - name: 'Download artifact #5'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Mid-Size-Artifact'
-          path: mid-size/artifact/path
-      
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #5'
-        run: |
-          file="mid-size/artifact/path/file5.rnd"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if ! diff $file path/to/dir-5/file5.rnd ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-      
-      - name: 'Download artifact #6'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Big-Artifact'
-          path: big/artifact/path
-      
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #6'
-        run: |
-          file="big/artifact/path/file6.rnd"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if ! diff $file path/to/dir-6/file6.rnd ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
-      - name: 'Download artifact #7'
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: 'Big-Uploaded-Twice'
-          path: big-uploaded-twice/artifact/path
-
-      - name: 'Verify Artifact #7'
-        run: |
-          file="big-uploaded-twice/artifact/path/file7.rnd"
-          if [ ! -f $file ] ; then
-            echo "Expected file does not exist"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          if ! diff $file path/to/dir-7/file7.rnd ; then
-            echo "File contents of downloaded artifact are incorrect"
-            exit 1
-          fi

act/common/executor_parallel_advanced_test.go

@@ -170,68 +170,6 @@ func TestMaxParallelWithErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-// TestMaxParallelPerformance tests performance characteristics
-func TestMaxParallelPerformance(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("Skipping performance test in short mode")
-	}
-
-	t.Run("ParallelFasterThanSequential", func(t *testing.T) {
-		executors := make([]Executor, 10)
-		for i := range 10 {
-			executors[i] = func(ctx context.Context) error {
-				time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-
-		ctx := context.Background()
-
-		// Sequential (max-parallel=1)
-		start := time.Now()
-		err := NewParallelExecutor(1, executors...)(ctx)
-		sequentialDuration := time.Since(start)
-		assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-
-		// Parallel (max-parallel=5)
-		start = time.Now()
-		err = NewParallelExecutor(5, executors...)(ctx)
-		parallelDuration := time.Since(start)
-		assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-
-		// Parallel should be significantly faster
-		assert.Less(t, parallelDuration, sequentialDuration/2,
-			"Parallel execution should be at least 2x faster")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("OptimalWorkerCount", func(t *testing.T) {
-		executors := make([]Executor, 20)
-		for i := range 20 {
-			executors[i] = func(ctx context.Context) error {
-				time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-
-		ctx := context.Background()
-
-		// Test with different worker counts
-		workerCounts := []int{1, 2, 5, 10, 20}
-		durations := make(map[int]time.Duration)
-
-		for _, count := range workerCounts {
-			start := time.Now()
-			err := NewParallelExecutor(count, executors...)(ctx)
-			durations[count] = time.Since(start)
-			assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-		}
-
-		// More workers should generally be faster (up to a point)
-		assert.Less(t, durations[5], durations[1], "5 workers should be faster than 1")
-		assert.Less(t, durations[10], durations[2], "10 workers should be faster than 2")
-	})
-}
-
 // TestMaxParallelResourceSharing tests resource sharing scenarios
 func TestMaxParallelResourceSharing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("SharedResourceWithMutex", func(t *testing.T) {

act/common/git/git.go

@@ -66,8 +66,21 @@ func (e *Error) Commit() string {
 	return e.commit
 }
 
+// goGitMu serializes go-git repository access across the process. go-git is not safe for
+// concurrent use of the same repository (even read access decodes packfiles into shared
+// state), so parallel jobs inspecting the shared workdir repo race without this. The guarded
+// operations are fast local reads; gitea runs one job per process, so the lock is effectively
+// uncontended in production.
+var goGitMu sync.Mutex
+
 // FindGitRevision get the current git revision
 func FindGitRevision(ctx context.Context, file string) (shortSha, sha string, err error) {
+	goGitMu.Lock()
+	defer goGitMu.Unlock()
+	return findGitRevision(ctx, file)
+}
+
+func findGitRevision(ctx context.Context, file string) (shortSha, sha string, err error) {
 	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 
 	gitDir, err := git.PlainOpenWithOptions(
@@ -99,10 +112,13 @@ func FindGitRevision(ctx context.Context, file string) (shortSha, sha string, er
 
 // FindGitRef get the current git ref
 func FindGitRef(ctx context.Context, file string) (string, error) {
+	goGitMu.Lock()
+	defer goGitMu.Unlock()
+
 	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 
 	logger.Debugf("Loading revision from git directory")
-	_, ref, err := FindGitRevision(ctx, file)
+	_, ref, err := findGitRevision(ctx, file)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -174,6 +190,8 @@ func FindGitRef(ctx context.Context, file string) (string, error) {
 
 // FindGithubRepo get the repo
 func FindGithubRepo(ctx context.Context, file, githubInstance, remoteName string) (string, error) {
+	goGitMu.Lock()
+	defer goGitMu.Unlock()
 	if remoteName == "" {
 		remoteName = "origin"
 	}
@@ -247,8 +265,23 @@ type NewGitCloneExecutorInput struct {
 func CloneIfRequired(ctx context.Context, refName plumbing.ReferenceName, input NewGitCloneExecutorInput, logger log.FieldLogger) (*git.Repository, bool, error) {
 	r, err := git.PlainOpen(input.Dir)
 	if err == nil {
-		// Reuse existing clone
-		return r, true, nil
+		// Verify the cached clone still points to the resolved URL before reusing it.
+		remote, err := r.Remote("origin")
+		if err == nil && len(remote.Config().URLs) > 0 && remote.Config().URLs[0] == input.URL {
+			// Reuse existing clone
+			return r, true, nil
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debugf("Removing cached clone at %s because origin cannot be read: %v", input.Dir, err)
+		} else if len(remote.Config().URLs) == 0 {
+			logger.Debugf("Removing cached clone at %s because origin has no URL", input.Dir)
+		} else {
+			logger.Debugf("Removing cached clone at %s because origin URL changed from %s to %s", input.Dir, remote.Config().URLs[0], input.URL)
+		}
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(input.Dir); err != nil {
+			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("remove cached clone %s: %w", input.Dir, err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	var progressWriter io.Writer

act/common/git/git_test.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -50,10 +49,6 @@ func TestFindGitSlug(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func testDir(t *testing.T) string {
-	return t.TempDir()
-}
-
 func cleanGitHooks(dir string) error {
 	hooksDir := filepath.Join(dir, ".git", "hooks")
 	files, err := os.ReadDir(hooksDir)
@@ -78,8 +73,7 @@ func cleanGitHooks(dir string) error {
 func TestFindGitRemoteURL(t *testing.T) {
 	assert := assert.New(t)
 
-	basedir := testDir(t)
-	gitConfig()
+	basedir := t.TempDir()
 	err := gitCmd("init", basedir)
 	assert.NoError(err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
 	err = cleanGitHooks(basedir)
@@ -102,8 +96,7 @@ func TestFindGitRemoteURL(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGitFindRef(t *testing.T) {
-	basedir := testDir(t)
-	gitConfig()
+	basedir := t.TempDir()
 
 	for name, tt := range map[string]struct {
 		Prepare func(t *testing.T, dir string)
@@ -180,36 +173,55 @@ func TestGitFindRef(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGitCloneExecutor(t *testing.T) {
+	// Build a local bare "remote" so this runs offline and fast. The cases below mirror
+	// the tag/branch/sha/short-sha ref paths the executor handles, formerly exercised by
+	// cloning actions/checkout and anchore/scan-action over the network.
+	remoteDir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--bare", "--initial-branch=main", remoteDir))
+
+	workDir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("clone", remoteDir, workDir))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "checkout", "-b", "main"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "initial"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "tag", "v2"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "v2"))
+
+	// A branch with a dash in the name (mirrors the historical scan-action@act-fails case).
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "checkout", "-b", "act-fails"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "branch-commit"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "act-fails"))
+
+	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", workDir, "rev-parse", "main").Output()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	fullSha := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
+
 	for name, tt := range map[string]struct {
-		Err      error
-		URL, Ref string
+		Err error
+		Ref string
 	}{
 		"tag": {
 			Err: nil,
-			URL: "https://github.com/actions/checkout",
 			Ref: "v2",
 		},
 		"branch": {
 			Err: nil,
-			URL: "https://github.com/anchore/scan-action",
 			Ref: "act-fails",
 		},
 		"sha": {
 			Err: nil,
-			URL: "https://github.com/actions/checkout",
-			Ref: "5a4ac9002d0be2fb38bd78e4b4dbde5606d7042f", // v2
+			Ref: fullSha,
 		},
 		"short-sha": {
-			Err: &Error{ErrShortRef, "5a4ac9002d0be2fb38bd78e4b4dbde5606d7042f"},
-			URL: "https://github.com/actions/checkout",
-			Ref: "5a4ac90", // v2
+			Err: &Error{ErrShortRef, fullSha},
+			Ref: fullSha[:7],
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			clone := NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
-				URL: tt.URL,
+				URL: remoteDir,
 				Ref: tt.Ref,
-				Dir: testDir(t),
+				Dir: t.TempDir(),
 			})
 
 			err := clone(context.Background())
@@ -223,13 +235,56 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutor(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGitCloneExecutorReclonesWhenOriginURLChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	createRemote := func(message string) string {
+		remoteDir := t.TempDir()
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--bare", "--initial-branch=main", remoteDir))
+
+		workDir := t.TempDir()
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("clone", remoteDir, workDir))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "checkout", "-b", "main"))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", message))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
+
+		return remoteDir
+	}
+
+	oldRemoteDir := createRemote("old-action")
+	newRemoteDir := createRemote("new-action")
+	cacheDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	require.NoError(t, NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
+		URL: oldRemoteDir,
+		Ref: "main",
+		Dir: cacheDir,
+	})(t.Context()))
+
+	markerPath := filepath.Join(cacheDir, "stale-marker")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(markerPath, []byte("stale"), 0o644))
+
+	require.NoError(t, NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
+		URL: newRemoteDir,
+		Ref: "main",
+		Dir: cacheDir,
+	})(t.Context()))
+
+	originURL, err := findGitRemoteURL(t.Context(), cacheDir, "origin")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, newRemoteDir, originURL)
+
+	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", cacheDir, "log", "--oneline", "-1", "--format=%s").Output()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "new-action", strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
+
+	_, err = os.Stat(markerPath)
+	require.True(t, os.IsNotExist(err), "stale cached directory should be removed before recloning")
+}
+
 func TestGitCloneExecutorNonFastForwardRef(t *testing.T) {
 	// Simulate the scenario where a remote ref (e.g. a GitHub PR head ref) changes
 	// non-fast-forward between two fetches. Before the fix, the fetch used Force=false,
 	// causing go-git to return ErrForceNeeded and short-circuit the checkout.
 
-	gitConfig()
-
 	// Create a bare "remote" repo with an initial commit on main and a feature branch.
 	remoteDir := t.TempDir()
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--bare", "--initial-branch=main", remoteDir))
@@ -280,8 +335,6 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorNonFastForwardRef(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGitCloneExecutorOfflineMode(t *testing.T) {
-	gitConfig()
-
 	// Build a local "remote" with a single commit on main.
 	remoteDir := t.TempDir()
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--bare", "--initial-branch=main", remoteDir))
@@ -327,22 +380,21 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorOfflineMode(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func gitConfig() {
-	if os.Getenv("GITHUB_ACTIONS") == "true" {
-		var err error
-		if err = gitCmd("config", "--global", "user.email", "test@test.com"); err != nil {
-			log.Error(err)
-		}
-		if err = gitCmd("config", "--global", "user.name", "Unit Test"); err != nil {
-			log.Error(err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func gitCmd(args ...string) error {
 	cmd := exec.Command("git", args...)
 	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	// Inject a deterministic identity and ignore the host's global/system config so commits
+	// succeed regardless of the host having no user.name/user.email (e.g. CI, GITHUB_ACTIONS
+	// unset) or a global commit.gpgsign, and without mutating the developer's ~/.gitconfig.
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(),
+		"GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Unit Test",
+		"GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=test@test.com",
+		"GIT_COMMITTER_NAME=Unit Test",
+		"GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=test@test.com",
+		"GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL=/dev/null",
+		"GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM=/dev/null",
+	)
 
 	err := cmd.Run()
 	if exitError, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {

act/common/line_writer.go

@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@ import (
 // LineHandler is a callback function for handling a line
 type LineHandler func(line string) bool
 
+// Flusher is implemented by writers that buffer a trailing, not-yet-terminated
+// line. Callers should flush once the underlying stream has reached EOF so the
+// final line (when it is not newline-terminated) is not lost.
+type Flusher interface {
+	Flush()
+}
+
 type lineWriter struct {
 	buffer   bytes.Buffer
 	handlers []LineHandler
@@ -24,6 +31,14 @@ func NewLineWriter(handlers ...LineHandler) io.Writer {
 	return w
 }
 
+// FlushWriter flushes w if it implements Flusher. It is a no-op otherwise, so
+// callers can flush an io.Writer without knowing its concrete type.
+func FlushWriter(w io.Writer) {
+	if f, ok := w.(Flusher); ok {
+		f.Flush()
+	}
+}
+
 func (lw *lineWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	pBuf := bytes.NewBuffer(p)
 	written := 0
@@ -44,6 +59,17 @@ func (lw *lineWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	return written, nil
 }
 
+// Flush emits any buffered, not-yet-newline-terminated content as a final line.
+// It is safe to call multiple times; subsequent calls with an empty buffer are
+// no-ops.
+func (lw *lineWriter) Flush() {
+	if lw.buffer.Len() == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	lw.handleLine(lw.buffer.String())
+	lw.buffer.Reset()
+}
+
 func (lw *lineWriter) handleLine(line string) {
 	for _, h := range lw.handlers {
 		ok := h(line)

act/common/line_writer_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package common
 
 import (
+	"io"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -39,3 +40,33 @@ func TestLineWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(" and another\n", lines[2])
 	assert.Equal("last line\n", lines[3])
 }
+
+func TestLineWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	lines := make([]string, 0)
+	lineHandler := func(s string) bool {
+		lines = append(lines, s)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	lineWriter := NewLineWriter(lineHandler)
+
+	assert := assert.New(t)
+	_, err := lineWriter.Write([]byte("complete line\npartial line without newline"))
+	assert.NoError(err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing pattern from nektos/act
+
+	// Only the newline-terminated line is emitted before flushing.
+	assert.Equal([]string{"complete line\n"}, lines)
+
+	// Flushing emits the buffered, not-yet-terminated trailing line.
+	FlushWriter(lineWriter)
+	assert.Equal([]string{"complete line\n", "partial line without newline"}, lines)
+
+	// Flushing again is a no-op: nothing is buffered.
+	FlushWriter(lineWriter)
+	assert.Len(lines, 2)
+}
+
+func TestFlushWriterIgnoresNonFlusher(t *testing.T) {
+	// FlushWriter must be a safe no-op for writers that do not buffer lines.
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { FlushWriter(io.Discard) })
+}

act/container/docker_auth.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config/credentials"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/registry"
 )
 
@@ -26,10 +25,6 @@ func LoadDockerAuthConfig(ctx context.Context, image string) (registry.AuthConfi
 		logger.Warnf("Could not load docker config: %v", err)
 		return registry.AuthConfig{}, err
 	}
-	if !cfg.ContainsAuth() {
-		cfg.CredentialsStore = credentials.DetectDefaultStore(cfg.CredentialsStore)
-	}
-
 	registryKey := registryAuthConfigKey("docker.io")
 	if image != "" {
 		if registryRef, refErr := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image); refErr != nil {
@@ -55,10 +50,6 @@ func LoadDockerAuthConfigs(ctx context.Context) map[string]registry.AuthConfig {
 		logger.Warnf("Could not load docker config: %v", err)
 		return nil
 	}
-	if !cfg.ContainsAuth() {
-		cfg.CredentialsStore = credentials.DetectDefaultStore(cfg.CredentialsStore)
-	}
-
 	creds, err := cfg.GetAllCredentials()
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Warnf("Could not get docker auth configs: %v", err)

act/container/docker_images_test.go

@@ -6,66 +6,64 @@ package container
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/moby/moby/client"
-	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func init() {
 	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)
 }
 
-func TestImageExistsLocally(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	// to help make this test reliable and not flaky, we need to have
-	// an image that will exist, and onew that won't exist
-
-	// Test if image exists with specific tag
-	invalidImageTag, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, "library/alpine:this-random-tag-will-never-exist", "linux/amd64")
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	assert.False(t, invalidImageTag)
-
-	// Test if image exists with specific architecture (image platform)
-	invalidImagePlatform, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, "alpine:latest", "windows/amd64")
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	assert.False(t, invalidImagePlatform)
-
-	// pull an image
-	cli, err := client.New(client.FromEnv)
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	defer cli.Close()
-
-	// Chose alpine latest because it's so small
-	// maybe we should build an image instead so that tests aren't reliable on dockerhub
-	readerDefault, err := cli.ImagePull(ctx, "node:24-bookworm-slim", client.ImagePullOptions{
-		Platforms: []specs.Platform{{OS: "linux", Architecture: "amd64"}},
-	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	defer readerDefault.Close()
-	_, err = io.ReadAll(readerDefault)
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-
-	imageDefaultArchExists, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, "node:24-bookworm-slim", "linux/amd64")
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	assert.True(t, imageDefaultArchExists)
-
-	// Validate if another architecture platform can be pulled
-	readerArm64, err := cli.ImagePull(ctx, "node:24-bookworm-slim", client.ImagePullOptions{
-		Platforms: []specs.Platform{{OS: "linux", Architecture: "arm64"}},
-	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	defer readerArm64.Close()
-	_, err = io.ReadAll(readerArm64)
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-
-	imageArm64Exists, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, "node:24-bookworm-slim", "linux/arm64")
-	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
-	assert.True(t, imageArm64Exists)
+// buildScratchImage builds a tiny empty image for the given platform locally (FROM scratch, no
+// network or emulation since there is nothing to run) and returns its tag, removing it after
+// the test.
+func buildScratchImage(t *testing.T, platform string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	tag := fmt.Sprintf("act-test-exists-%s:latest", strings.TrimPrefix(platform, "linux/"))
+	cmd := exec.Command("docker", "build", "--platform", platform, "-t", tag, "-")
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader("FROM scratch\nLABEL act-test=1\n")
+	// Force BuildKit: it records the requested architecture in the image config for a
+	// FROM-scratch build, whereas the classic builder ignores --platform and tags it with the
+	// host arch, which would break the per-platform existence assertions below.
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1")
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = exec.Command("docker", "rmi", "-f", tag).Run() })
+	return tag
+}
+
+func TestImageExistsLocally(t *testing.T) {
+	requireDocker(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// a non-existent image is reported absent
+	missing, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, "library/alpine:this-random-tag-will-never-exist", "linux/amd64")
+	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+	assert.False(t, missing)
+
+	// Build tiny images for two architectures locally so per-platform existence can be checked
+	// offline (formerly pulled node:24-bookworm-slim for amd64 and arm64 over the network).
+	amd64Ref := buildScratchImage(t, "linux/amd64")
+	arm64Ref := buildScratchImage(t, "linux/arm64")
+
+	amd64Exists, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, amd64Ref, "linux/amd64")
+	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+	assert.True(t, amd64Exists)
+
+	// a non-host architecture image is detected for its own architecture
+	arm64Exists, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, arm64Ref, "linux/arm64")
+	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+	assert.True(t, arm64Exists)
+
+	// a present image is reported absent for a different platform
+	wrongPlatform, err := ImageExistsLocally(ctx, amd64Ref, "linux/arm64")
+	assert.NoError(t, err) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+	assert.False(t, wrongPlatform)
 }

act/container/docker_pull_test.go

@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ func TestCleanImage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGetImagePullOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
+	orig := config.Dir()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { config.SetDir(orig) })
+
 	config.SetDir("/non-existent/docker")
 
 	options, err := getImagePullOptions(ctx, NewDockerPullExecutorInput{})

act/container/docker_run.go

@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/filecollector"
 
 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/Masterminds/semver"
+	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/compose/loader"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/connhelper"
 	"github.com/go-git/go-billy/v5/helper/polyfill"
@@ -44,6 +46,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
+// drainGracePeriod bounds how long we wait for an output-copy goroutine to
+// finish draining a container's output before returning, so that neither a
+// cancellation (waitForCommand) nor a normal container exit (wait) truncates
+// the tail of the log. It is a safety bound: in the common case the stream
+// reaches EOF and the goroutine returns well before this elapses.
+const drainGracePeriod = 2 * time.Second
+
 // NewContainer creates a reference to a container
 func NewContainer(input *NewContainerInput) ExecutionsEnvironment {
 	cr := new(containerReference)
@@ -152,6 +161,8 @@ func (cr *containerReference) Copy(destPath string, files ...*FileEntry) common.
 func (cr *containerReference) CopyDir(destPath, srcPath string, useGitIgnore bool) common.Executor {
 	return common.NewPipelineExecutor(
 		common.NewInfoExecutor("docker cp src=%s dst=%s", srcPath, destPath),
+		cr.connect(),
+		cr.find(),
 		cr.copyDir(destPath, srcPath, useGitIgnore),
 		func(ctx context.Context) error {
 			// If this fails, then folders have wrong permissions on non root container
@@ -167,6 +178,16 @@ func (cr *containerReference) GetContainerArchive(ctx context.Context, srcPath s
 	if common.Dryrun(ctx) {
 		return nil, errors.New("DRYRUN is not supported in GetContainerArchive")
 	}
+	// Direct entry point (no pipeline) — revalidate cr.id ourselves.
+	if err := cr.connect()(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := cr.find()(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if cr.id == "" {
+		return nil, cr.missingContainerError("get archive %s", srcPath)
+	}
 	result, err := cr.cli.CopyFromContainer(ctx, cr.id, client.CopyFromContainerOptions{SourcePath: srcPath})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -216,6 +237,10 @@ type containerReference struct {
 	input *NewContainerInput
 	UID   int
 	GID   int
+	// attachDone is closed by the attach() streaming goroutine once it has
+	// drained and flushed the container's output. wait() blocks on it so the
+	// tail of the log lands before the step proceeds.
+	attachDone chan struct{}
 	LinuxContainerEnvironmentExtensions
 }
 
@@ -314,10 +339,22 @@ func (cr *containerReference) Close() common.Executor {
 	}
 }
 
+// missingContainerError is the shared "container X does not exist" error
+// used by ops that need a live cr.id.
+func (cr *containerReference) missingContainerError(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("container %q does not exist; cannot "+format, append([]any{cr.input.Name}, args...)...)
+}
+
 func (cr *containerReference) find() common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		if cr.id != "" {
-			return nil
+			// Validate cached id; clear only on definitive NotFound so a
+			// transient daemon error doesn't abort cleanup pipelines.
+			_, err := cr.cli.ContainerInspect(ctx, cr.id, client.ContainerInspectOptions{})
+			if !cerrdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			cr.id = ""
 		}
 		containers, err := cr.cli.ContainerList(ctx, client.ContainerListOptions{
 			All: true,
@@ -335,7 +372,6 @@ func (cr *containerReference) find() common.Executor {
 			}
 		}
 
-		cr.id = ""
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@@ -592,6 +628,9 @@ func (cr *containerReference) extractFromImageEnv(env *map[string]string) common
 
 func (cr *containerReference) exec(cmd []string, env map[string]string, user, workdir string) common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		if cr.id == "" {
+			return cr.missingContainerError("exec %v", cmd)
+		}
 		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 		// Fix slashes when running on Windows
 		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
@@ -703,7 +742,9 @@ func (cr *containerReference) tryReadGID() common.Executor {
 func (cr *containerReference) waitForCommand(ctx context.Context, isTerminal bool, resp client.HijackedResponse, _ client.ExecCreateResult, _, _ string) error {
 	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 
-	cmdResponse := make(chan error)
+	// Buffered so the copy goroutine never blocks on send if the grace-period
+	// drain below times out and no one is left to receive.
+	cmdResponse := make(chan error, 1)
 
 	go func() {
 		var outWriter io.Writer
@@ -722,6 +763,11 @@ func (cr *containerReference) waitForCommand(ctx context.Context, isTerminal boo
 		} else {
 			_, err = io.Copy(outWriter, resp.Reader)
 		}
+		// Flush any buffered, not-yet-newline-terminated trailing line so the
+		// final line of a command's output is not lost (e.g. an error message
+		// printed without a trailing newline before the process exits).
+		common.FlushWriter(outWriter)
+		common.FlushWriter(errWriter)
 		cmdResponse <- err
 	}()
 
@@ -733,6 +779,16 @@ func (cr *containerReference) waitForCommand(ctx context.Context, isTerminal boo
 			logger.Warnf("Failed to send CTRL+C: %+s", err)
 		}
 
+		// Give the copy goroutine a brief grace period to drain output already
+		// produced by the command before we return, so cancellation does not
+		// truncate the tail of the log. The goroutine exits once the hijacked
+		// stream is closed by resp.Close() in the caller's defer.
+		select {
+		case <-cmdResponse:
+		case <-time.After(drainGracePeriod):
+			logger.Warn("Timed out draining command output after cancellation")
+		}
+
 		// we return the context canceled error to prevent other steps
 		// from executing
 		return ctx.Err()
@@ -746,6 +802,9 @@ func (cr *containerReference) waitForCommand(ctx context.Context, isTerminal boo
 }
 
 func (cr *containerReference) CopyTarStream(ctx context.Context, destPath string, tarStream io.Reader) error {
+	if cr.id == "" {
+		return cr.missingContainerError("copy to %s", destPath)
+	}
 	// Mkdir
 	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	tw := tar.NewWriter(buf)
@@ -779,6 +838,9 @@ func (cr *containerReference) CopyTarStream(ctx context.Context, destPath string
 
 func (cr *containerReference) copyDir(dstPath, srcPath string, useGitIgnore bool) common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		if cr.id == "" {
+			return cr.missingContainerError("copy directory to %s", dstPath)
+		}
 		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 		tarFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "act")
 		if err != nil {
@@ -853,6 +915,9 @@ func (cr *containerReference) copyDir(dstPath, srcPath string, useGitIgnore bool
 
 func (cr *containerReference) copyContent(dstPath string, files ...*FileEntry) common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		if cr.id == "" {
+			return cr.missingContainerError("copy to %s", dstPath)
+		}
 		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
 		tw := tar.NewWriter(&buf)
@@ -909,14 +974,23 @@ func (cr *containerReference) attach() common.Executor {
 		if errWriter == nil {
 			errWriter = os.Stderr
 		}
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		cr.attachDone = done
 		go func() {
+			defer close(done)
+			var copyErr error
 			if !isTerminal || os.Getenv("NORAW") != "" {
-				_, err = stdcopy.StdCopy(outWriter, errWriter, out.Reader)
+				_, copyErr = stdcopy.StdCopy(outWriter, errWriter, out.Reader)
 			} else {
-				_, err = io.Copy(outWriter, out.Reader)
+				_, copyErr = io.Copy(outWriter, out.Reader)
 			}
-			if err != nil {
-				common.Logger(ctx).Error(err)
+			// Flush any buffered, not-yet-newline-terminated trailing line once
+			// the stream reaches EOF, so the final line of the container's
+			// output is not lost when it is not newline-terminated.
+			common.FlushWriter(outWriter)
+			common.FlushWriter(errWriter)
+			if copyErr != nil {
+				common.Logger(ctx).Error(copyErr)
 			}
 		}()
 		return nil
@@ -955,6 +1029,18 @@ func (cr *containerReference) wait() common.Executor {
 
 		logger.Debugf("Return status: %v", statusCode)
 
+		// The container has exited; wait for the attach() streaming goroutine to
+		// finish draining and flushing its output before returning, so the tail
+		// of the log is not lost. Bounded so a stuck stream cannot hang the step.
+		if cr.attachDone != nil {
+			select {
+			case <-cr.attachDone:
+			case <-time.After(drainGracePeriod):
+				logger.Warn("Timed out draining container output")
+			}
+			cr.attachDone = nil
+		}
+
 		if statusCode == 0 {
 			return nil
 		}

act/container/docker_run_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
 
+	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
+	"github.com/moby/moby/api/pkg/stdcopy"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/container"
 	mobyclient "github.com/moby/moby/client"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus/hooks/test"
@@ -28,14 +31,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestDocker(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	client, err := GetDockerClient(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("skipping integration test: %v", err)
-	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer client.Close()
 
 	dockerBuild := NewDockerBuildExecutor(NewDockerBuildExecutorInput{
@@ -92,6 +91,11 @@ func (m *mockDockerClient) ExecInspect(ctx context.Context, execID string, opts
 	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.ExecInspectResult), args.Error(1)
 }
 
+func (m *mockDockerClient) ContainerAttach(ctx context.Context, containerID string, opts mobyclient.ContainerAttachOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerAttachResult, error) {
+	args := m.Called(ctx, containerID, opts)
+	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.ContainerAttachResult), args.Error(1)
+}
+
 func (m *mockDockerClient) ContainerWait(ctx context.Context, containerID string, opts mobyclient.ContainerWaitOptions) mobyclient.ContainerWaitResult {
 	args := m.Called(ctx, containerID, opts)
 	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.ContainerWaitResult)
@@ -102,6 +106,16 @@ func (m *mockDockerClient) CopyToContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, optio
 	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.CopyToContainerResult), args.Error(1)
 }
 
+func (m *mockDockerClient) ContainerInspect(ctx context.Context, id string, opts mobyclient.ContainerInspectOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult, error) {
+	args := m.Called(ctx, id, opts)
+	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult), args.Error(1)
+}
+
+func (m *mockDockerClient) ContainerList(ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerListOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerListResult, error) {
+	args := m.Called(ctx, opts)
+	return args.Get(0).(mobyclient.ContainerListResult), args.Error(1)
+}
+
 type endlessReader struct {
 	io.Reader
 }
@@ -199,6 +213,71 @@ func TestDockerExecFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	client.AssertExpectations(t)
 }
 
+// stdcopyFrame wraps payload in a single Docker multiplexed-stream frame, the
+// format StdCopy expects: an 8-byte header (stream type + 4-byte big-endian
+// length) followed by the payload.
+func stdcopyFrame(stream stdcopy.StdType, payload string) []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, 8+len(payload))
+	b[0] = byte(stream)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[4:8], uint32(len(payload)))
+	copy(b[8:], payload)
+	return b
+}
+
+// TestDockerAttachFlushesTrailingLine verifies that wait() blocks until the
+// attach() streaming goroutine has drained and flushed the container's output,
+// so a final line without a trailing newline is not lost.
+func TestDockerAttachFlushesTrailingLine(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	framed := bytes.NewBuffer(stdcopyFrame(stdcopy.Stdout, "line one\nlast line without newline"))
+
+	var lines []string
+	logWriter := common.NewLineWriter(func(s string) bool {
+		lines = append(lines, s)
+		return true
+	})
+
+	client := &mockDockerClient{}
+	client.On("ContainerAttach", ctx, "123", mock.AnythingOfType("client.ContainerAttachOptions")).
+		Return(mobyclient.ContainerAttachResult{
+			HijackedResponse: mobyclient.HijackedResponse{
+				Conn:   &mockConn{},
+				Reader: bufio.NewReader(framed),
+			},
+		}, nil)
+
+	statusCh := make(chan container.WaitResponse, 1)
+	statusCh <- container.WaitResponse{StatusCode: 0}
+	errCh := make(chan error, 1)
+	client.On("ContainerWait", ctx, "123", mobyclient.ContainerWaitOptions{Condition: container.WaitConditionNotRunning}).
+		Return(mobyclient.ContainerWaitResult{
+			Result: (<-chan container.WaitResponse)(statusCh),
+			Error:  (<-chan error)(errCh),
+		})
+
+	cr := &containerReference{
+		id:  "123",
+		cli: client,
+		input: &NewContainerInput{
+			Image:  "image",
+			Stdout: logWriter,
+			Stderr: logWriter,
+		},
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, cr.attach()(ctx))
+	require.NoError(t, cr.wait()(ctx))
+
+	// wait() must have blocked until the goroutine drained AND flushed; the
+	// trailing, non-newline-terminated line must therefore be present. Reading
+	// lines here is race-free because wait() synchronizes on attachDone, which
+	// the goroutine closes after the final append.
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"line one\n", "last line without newline"}, lines)
+
+	client.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
 func TestDockerWaitFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -302,6 +381,134 @@ func TestDockerCopyTarStreamErrorInMkdir(t *testing.T) {
 	client.AssertExpectations(t)
 }
 
+// find() must drop a stale cached id so later Copy/Exec don't hit the
+// daemon with a torn-down container.
+func TestFindRevalidatesStaleID(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	notFound := cerrdefs.ErrNotFound.WithMessage("No such container")
+	boom := errors.New("daemon unreachable")
+	newCR := func(id string) (*containerReference, *mockDockerClient) {
+		client := &mockDockerClient{}
+		return &containerReference{id: id, cli: client, input: &NewContainerInput{Name: "job-1"}}, client
+	}
+	listOpts := mobyclient.ContainerListOptions{All: true}
+	inspectOpts := mobyclient.ContainerInspectOptions{}
+
+	t.Run("stale id cleared, name lookup empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cr, client := newCR("stale")
+		client.On("ContainerInspect", ctx, "stale", inspectOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult{}, notFound)
+		client.On("ContainerList", ctx, listOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerListResult{}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, cr.find()(ctx))
+		assert.Empty(t, cr.id)
+		client.AssertExpectations(t)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("stale id cleared, name lookup repopulates", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cr, client := newCR("stale")
+		client.On("ContainerInspect", ctx, "stale", inspectOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult{}, notFound)
+		client.On("ContainerList", ctx, listOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerListResult{Items: []container.Summary{
+			{ID: "other", Names: []string{"/somebody-else"}},
+			{ID: "fresh", Names: []string{"/job-1"}},
+		}}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, cr.find()(ctx))
+		assert.Equal(t, "fresh", cr.id)
+		client.AssertExpectations(t)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("live id kept", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cr, client := newCR("live")
+		client.On("ContainerInspect", ctx, "live", inspectOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult{}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, cr.find()(ctx))
+		assert.Equal(t, "live", cr.id)
+		client.AssertExpectations(t)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("transient inspect error trusts cache", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cr, client := newCR("live")
+		client.On("ContainerInspect", ctx, "live", inspectOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult{}, boom)
+		require.NoError(t, cr.find()(ctx))
+		assert.Equal(t, "live", cr.id)
+		client.AssertExpectations(t)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("list error propagates", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cr, client := newCR("")
+		client.On("ContainerList", ctx, listOpts).Return(mobyclient.ContainerListResult{}, boom)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, cr.find()(ctx), boom)
+		client.AssertExpectations(t)
+	})
+}
+
+// Every daemon entry point fails fast with a clear, container-named
+// error when no live cr.id is known.
+func TestRejectsMissingContainer(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := &mockDockerClient{}
+	client.On("ContainerList", ctx, mobyclient.ContainerListOptions{All: true}).Return(mobyclient.ContainerListResult{}, nil)
+	cr := &containerReference{cli: client, input: &NewContainerInput{Name: "job-1"}}
+	check := func(op string, err error) {
+		t.Helper()
+		require.Error(t, err, op)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `container "job-1" does not exist`, op)
+	}
+	check("copyContent", cr.copyContent("/var/run/act", &FileEntry{Name: "x", Mode: 0o644})(ctx))
+	check("copyDir", cr.copyDir("/var/run/act", "/src", false)(ctx))
+	check("CopyTarStream", cr.CopyTarStream(ctx, "/var/run/act", &bytes.Buffer{}))
+	check("exec", cr.exec([]string{"echo"}, nil, "", "")(ctx))
+	_, err := cr.GetContainerArchive(ctx, "/var/run/act/x")
+	check("GetContainerArchive", err)
+}
+
+// End-to-end: a stale cr.id is cleared, repopulated from name lookup,
+// and the Copy completes against the fresh id.
+func TestPublicCopyPipelineHandlesStaleID(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := &mockDockerClient{}
+	client.On("ContainerInspect", ctx, "stale", mobyclient.ContainerInspectOptions{}).
+		Return(mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult{}, cerrdefs.ErrNotFound.WithMessage("gone"))
+	client.On("ContainerList", ctx, mobyclient.ContainerListOptions{All: true}).
+		Return(mobyclient.ContainerListResult{Items: []container.Summary{
+			{ID: "fresh", Names: []string{"/job-1"}},
+		}}, nil)
+	client.On("CopyToContainer", ctx, "fresh", mock.MatchedBy(func(opts mobyclient.CopyToContainerOptions) bool {
+		return opts.DestinationPath == "/var/run/act"
+	})).Return(mobyclient.CopyToContainerResult{}, nil)
+
+	cr := &containerReference{id: "stale", cli: client, input: &NewContainerInput{Name: "job-1"}}
+	require.NoError(t, cr.Copy("/var/run/act", &FileEntry{Name: "x", Mode: 0o644})(ctx))
+	assert.Equal(t, "fresh", cr.id)
+	client.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+// TestDockerCopyToSymlinkPath is a regression test for gitea/runner#981. Most base images
+// symlink /var/run to /run, so copying into /var/run/act traverses that symlink. The broken
+// docker 29.5.1 daemon fails the extraction with "mkdirat var/run: file exists" (fixed in
+// 29.5.2). Running against the daemon shipped in the dind image, this catches a bad bump.
+func TestDockerCopyToSymlinkPath(t *testing.T) {
+	requireDocker(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	rc := NewContainer(&NewContainerInput{
+		Image:      "alpine:latest",
+		Entrypoint: []string{"sleep", "30"},
+		Name:       "act-test-symlink-" + time.Now().Format("20060102150405.000000"),
+		AutoRemove: true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, rc.Pull(false)(ctx))
+	require.NoError(t, rc.Create(nil, nil)(ctx))
+	require.NoError(t, rc.Start(false)(ctx))
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = rc.Remove()(ctx)
+		_ = rc.Close()(ctx)
+	})
+
+	// CopyTarStream first creates the destination directory by extracting a tar at "/",
+	// which makes the daemon mkdir var, then var/run (the symlink), then act — the exact
+	// step that fails on the broken daemon.
+	err := rc.CopyTarStream(ctx, "/var/run/act", &bytes.Buffer{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
 // Type assert containerReference implements ExecutionsEnvironment
 var _ ExecutionsEnvironment = &containerReference{}
 

act/container/docker_socket_test.go

@@ -18,9 +18,19 @@ func init() {
 
 var originalCommonSocketLocations = CommonSocketLocations
 
+func isolateSocketEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { CommonSocketLocations = originalCommonSocketLocations })
+	if host, ok := os.LookupEnv("DOCKER_HOST"); ok {
+		t.Setenv("DOCKER_HOST", host)
+	} else {
+		t.Cleanup(func() { os.Unsetenv("DOCKER_HOST") })
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGetSocketAndHostWithSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
-	CommonSocketLocations = originalCommonSocketLocations
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	dockerHost := "unix:///my/docker/host.sock"
 	socketURI := "/path/to/my.socket"
 	t.Setenv("DOCKER_HOST", dockerHost)
@@ -48,9 +58,9 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostNoSocket(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetSocketAndHostOnlySocket(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	socketURI := "/path/to/my.socket"
 	os.Unsetenv("DOCKER_HOST")
-	CommonSocketLocations = originalCommonSocketLocations
 	defaultSocket, defaultSocketFound := socketLocation()
 
 	// Act
@@ -65,7 +75,7 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostOnlySocket(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetSocketAndHostDontMount(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
-	CommonSocketLocations = originalCommonSocketLocations
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	dockerHost := "unix:///my/docker/host.sock"
 	t.Setenv("DOCKER_HOST", dockerHost)
 
@@ -79,7 +89,7 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostDontMount(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostNoSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
-	CommonSocketLocations = originalCommonSocketLocations
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	os.Unsetenv("DOCKER_HOST")
 	defaultSocket, found := socketLocation()
 
@@ -97,6 +107,7 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostNoSocket(t *testing.T) {
 // > This happens if neither DOCKER_HOST nor --container-daemon-socket has a value, but socketLocation() returns a URI
 func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostNoSocketDefaultLocation(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	mySocketFile, tmpErr := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "act-*.sock")
 	mySocket := mySocketFile.Name()
 	unixSocket := "unix://" + mySocket
@@ -119,6 +130,7 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostNoSocketDefaultLocation(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostInvalidSocket(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	os.Unsetenv("DOCKER_HOST")
 	mySocket := "/my/socket/path.sock"
 	CommonSocketLocations = []string{"/unusual", "/socket", "/location"}
@@ -136,6 +148,7 @@ func TestGetSocketAndHostNoHostInvalidSocket(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetSocketAndHostOnlySocketValidButUnusualLocation(t *testing.T) {
 	// Arrange
+	isolateSocketEnv(t)
 	socketURI := "unix:///path/to/my.socket"
 	CommonSocketLocations = []string{"/unusual", "/location"}
 	os.Unsetenv("DOCKER_HOST")

act/container/helpers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package container
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	mobyclient "github.com/moby/moby/client"
+)
+
+// requireDocker skips the test unless a reachable docker daemon is available.
+// GetDockerClient succeeds even without a running daemon (its ping is best-effort),
+// so the daemon has to be pinged explicitly here to decide whether to skip.
+func requireDocker(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cli, err := GetDockerClient(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("skipping: docker client unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer cli.Close()
+	if _, err := cli.Ping(ctx, mobyclient.PingOptions{}); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("skipping: docker daemon unreachable: %v", err)
+	}
+}

act/container/host_environment.go

@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
@@ -44,9 +42,6 @@ type HostEnvironment struct {
 	CleanUp      func()
 	StdOut       io.Writer
 	AllocatePTY  bool // allocate a pseudo-TTY for each step's process
-
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	runningPIDs map[int]struct{}
 }
 
 func (e *HostEnvironment) Create(_, _ []string) common.Executor {
@@ -327,6 +322,30 @@ func (e *HostEnvironment) exec(ctx context.Context, command []string, cmdline st
 	cmd.Stderr = e.StdOut
 	cmd.Dir = wd
 	cmd.SysProcAttr = getSysProcAttr(cmdline, false)
+
+	// A step often launches a process tree (a shell that starts a child which
+	// spawns further background or GUI processes). The default context
+	// cancellation only kills the direct child, leaving the rest of the tree
+	// running; and because the orphans inherit cmd's stdout/stderr pipe,
+	// cmd.Wait() would block forever, hanging the runner. Kill the whole tree on
+	// cancellation — via a Job Object on Windows and the process group on Unix
+	// (see processKiller) — and bound the wait so a leftover pipe writer can
+	// never hang Wait indefinitely.
+	var killer atomic.Pointer[processKiller]
+	cmd.Cancel = func() error {
+		if k := killer.Load(); k != nil {
+			return k.Kill()
+		}
+		if cmd.Process != nil {
+			return cmd.Process.Kill()
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Once the step process has exited, give its I/O pipes at most this long to
+	// drain before Wait force-closes them and returns (Go's WaitDelay). This
+	// also covers a step that backgrounds a process holding the pipe open.
+	cmd.WaitDelay = 10 * time.Second
+
 	var ppty *os.File
 	var tty *os.File
 	defer func() {
@@ -353,23 +372,19 @@ func (e *HostEnvironment) exec(ctx context.Context, command []string, cmdline st
 		go copyPtyOutput(writer, ppty, finishLog)
 		go writeKeepAlive(ppty)
 	}
-	// Split Start/Wait so the PID can be registered before the process can exit;
-	// cmd.Run() would block until exit, by which time the PID may have been reused.
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if cmd.Process != nil {
-		e.mu.Lock()
-		if e.runningPIDs == nil {
-			e.runningPIDs = map[int]struct{}{}
-		}
-		e.runningPIDs[cmd.Process.Pid] = struct{}{}
-		e.mu.Unlock()
-		defer func(pid int) {
-			e.mu.Lock()
-			delete(e.runningPIDs, pid)
-			e.mu.Unlock()
-		}(cmd.Process.Pid)
+	// Capture the started process for tree-kill on cancellation: a Job Object on
+	// Windows (children spawned afterwards are auto-included) and the process
+	// group on Unix. On failure (e.g. Windows nested-job restrictions) we fall
+	// back to the default single-process kill; WaitDelay + end-of-job cleanup
+	// still apply.
+	if k, kerr := newProcessKiller(cmd.Process); kerr != nil {
+		common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("process tree kill setup failed, falling back to single-process kill: %v", kerr)
+	} else {
+		killer.Store(k)
+		defer k.Close()
 	}
 	err = cmd.Wait()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -413,6 +428,24 @@ func (e *HostEnvironment) UpdateFromEnv(srcPath string, env *map[string]string)
 	return parseEnvFile(e, srcPath, env)
 }
 
+// removeAll is the filesystem delete used by removeAllWithContext. A package
+// var so tests can substitute a blocking stub without patching os.RemoveAll.
+var removeAll = os.RemoveAll
+
+// removeAllWithContext runs removeAll in a goroutine and returns once it
+// finishes or ctx is cancelled. On cancellation the goroutine is left running —
+// a delete blocked inside a syscall cannot be interrupted (see runWithTimeout).
+func removeAllWithContext(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- removeAll(path) }()
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		return err
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+}
+
 func removePathWithRetry(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
 	if path == "" {
 		return nil
@@ -432,64 +465,168 @@ func removePathWithRetry(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
 			case <-time.After(delay):
 			}
 		}
-		lastErr = os.RemoveAll(path)
+		lastErr = removeAllWithContext(ctx, path)
 		if lastErr == nil {
 			return nil
 		}
+		if errors.Is(lastErr, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			return lastErr
+		}
 	}
 	return lastErr
 }
 
+// buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript builds a PowerShell command that `taskkill
+// /T /F`s every process tree whose ExecutablePath or CommandLine references one
+// of the given absolute workspace dirs, releasing file handles for cleanup.
+//
+// Win32_Process is used because it exposes both ExecutablePath and CommandLine
+// (Get-Process doesn't, wmic is deprecated). Both match the dir+separator
+// prefix, so a sibling dir sharing a name prefix (job1 vs job10) is spared.
+// Ordinal String methods, not -like, so path metacharacters ([ ] ? *) stay
+// literal.
+//
+// Pure function so the quote-escaping can be unit-tested without PowerShell.
+func buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript(dirs []string) string {
+	quoted := make([]string, len(dirs))
+	for i, d := range dirs {
+		// Single-quoted PowerShell literal; escape ' by doubling it.
+		quoted[i] = "'" + strings.ReplaceAll(d, "'", "''") + "'"
+	}
+
+	return `$paths = @(` + strings.Join(quoted, ",") + `)
+$selfPid = $PID
+Get-CimInstance Win32_Process -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Where-Object {
+    if ($_.ProcessId -eq $selfPid) { return $false }
+    foreach ($p in $paths) {
+        $prefix = $p + '\'
+        if ($_.ExecutablePath -and $_.ExecutablePath.StartsWith($prefix, [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase)) { return $true }
+        if ($_.CommandLine -and $_.CommandLine.IndexOf($prefix, [System.StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase) -ge 0) { return $true }
+    }
+    return $false
+} | ForEach-Object {
+    & taskkill.exe /PID $_.ProcessId /T /F 2>$null | Out-Null
+}
+`
+}
+
 func (e *HostEnvironment) terminateRunningProcesses(ctx context.Context) {
 	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
 		return
 	}
-	e.mu.Lock()
-	pids := make([]int, 0, len(e.runningPIDs))
-	for pid := range e.runningPIDs {
-		pids = append(pids, pid)
-	}
-	e.mu.Unlock()
 
-	if len(pids) == 0 {
+	// Detached: exec.CommandContext won't start on a cancelled ctx, and a
+	// server cancel has already cancelled the parent ctx.
+	killCtx, killCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer killCancel()
+
+	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
+
+	// Workspace dirs we own. Any process running from or referencing one is a
+	// leftover job process. ToolCache is shared across jobs; Workdir only when
+	// we own it (else it's a caller-provided checkout, e.g. act local mode).
+	owned := []string{e.Path, e.TmpDir}
+	if e.CleanWorkdir {
+		owned = append(owned, e.Workdir)
+	}
+	dirs := make([]string, 0, len(owned))
+	for _, d := range owned {
+		if d == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		abs, err := filepath.Abs(d)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		dirs = append(dirs, abs)
+	}
+	if len(dirs) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 
-	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
-	for _, pid := range pids {
-		// Best-effort: forcibly terminate process tree to release file handles
-		// so that workspace cleanup can succeed on Windows.
-		cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "taskkill", "/PID", strconv.Itoa(pid), "/T", "/F")
-		out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Debugf("taskkill failed for pid=%d: %v output=%s", pid, err, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
-		}
+	script := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript(dirs)
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(killCtx, "powershell.exe", "-NoProfile", "-NonInteractive", "-Command", script)
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Debugf("workspace process-tree kill via PowerShell failed: %v output=%s", err, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
+	}
+}
+
+// hostCleanupTimeout bounds each filesystem-teardown phase of the host
+// environment so a single stalled delete cannot wedge the runner slot forever.
+// A var (not const) so tests can shrink it.
+var hostCleanupTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+// runWithTimeout runs fn in a goroutine and returns once it finishes or timeout
+// elapses, whichever comes first. On timeout the goroutine is left running — an
+// os.RemoveAll blocked inside a delete syscall (AV/EDR filter drivers, an
+// unresponsive network mount, a dying disk) cannot be interrupted — and
+// context.DeadlineExceeded is returned. Leaking the goroutine and the scratch
+// state it was deleting is strictly better than blocking the caller forever and
+// permanently losing the runner's capacity slot; the leaked scratch dir is
+// reclaimed later by the runner's idle stale-dir sweep.
+func runWithTimeout(fn func(), timeout time.Duration) error {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		fn()
+	}()
+	timer := time.NewTimer(timeout)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		return nil
+	case <-timer.C:
+		return context.DeadlineExceeded
 	}
 }
 
 func (e *HostEnvironment) Remove() common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
+
 		// Ensure any lingering child processes are ended before attempting
 		// to remove the workspace (Windows file locks otherwise prevent cleanup).
 		e.terminateRunningProcesses(ctx)
 
 		// Only removes per-job misc state. Must not remove the cache/toolcache root.
+		// Bound it: CleanUp is a caller-supplied, typically unbounded os.RemoveAll,
+		// and a delete stalled by a filesystem filter driver would otherwise hang
+		// the job forever at "Cleaning up container" and hold the capacity slot.
 		if e.CleanUp != nil {
-			e.CleanUp()
+			logger.Debugf("running host environment cleanup callback")
+			if err := runWithTimeout(e.CleanUp, hostCleanupTimeout); err != nil {
+				logger.Warnf("host environment cleanup did not finish within %s; continuing job completion, scratch state may be leaked and is reclaimed by the idle stale-dir sweep", hostCleanupTimeout)
+			} else {
+				logger.Debugf("host environment cleanup callback finished")
+			}
 		}
-		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
+
+		// Detach: a cancelled ctx would skip removePathWithRetry's retries,
+		// which absorb Windows file-handle release lag after the kill above.
+		rmCtx, rmCancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hostCleanupTimeout)
+		defer rmCancel()
+
 		var errs []error
-		if err := removePathWithRetry(ctx, e.Path); err != nil {
+		if err := removePathWithRetry(rmCtx, e.Path); err != nil {
 			logger.Warnf("failed to remove host misc state %s: %v", e.Path, err)
 			errs = append(errs, err)
 		}
 		if e.CleanWorkdir {
-			if err := removePathWithRetry(ctx, e.Workdir); err != nil {
+			if err := removePathWithRetry(rmCtx, e.Workdir); err != nil {
 				logger.Warnf("failed to remove host workspace %s: %v", e.Workdir, err)
 				errs = append(errs, err)
 			}
 		}
-		return errors.Join(errs...)
+		for _, err := range errs {
+			if !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return errors.Join(errs...)
+			}
+		}
+		// Bounded teardown timed out; warnings already logged above. Do not
+		// fail job completion — leaked scratch is reclaimed by the idle sweep.
+		return nil
 	}
 }
 

act/container/host_environment_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
 
@@ -187,3 +188,176 @@ func TestHostEnvironmentRemoveCleansWorkdirWhenOwned(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := os.Stat(workdir)
 	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, os.ErrNotExist)
 }
+
+func TestRemoveAllWithContextDoesNotHangOnStuckDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	stubDone := make(chan struct{})
+
+	orig := removeAll
+	removeAll = func(string) error {
+		defer close(stubDone)
+		<-release
+		return nil
+	}
+	// removeAllWithContext intentionally leaks the delete goroutine on timeout,
+	// and that goroutine still references removeAll. Unblock it and wait for it
+	// to return before restoring the var, so the restore can't race the read.
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		close(release)
+		<-stubDone
+		removeAll = orig
+	})
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	err := removeAllWithContext(ctx, t.TempDir())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+}
+
+// TestHostEnvironmentRemoveDoesNotHangOnStuckCleanUp guards against a stalled
+// CleanUp callback (e.g. an os.RemoveAll blocked by an AV/EDR filter driver or
+// an unresponsive mount) wedging the runner slot forever at "Cleaning up
+// container". Remove must time out the callback and complete job teardown.
+func TestHostEnvironmentRemoveDoesNotHangOnStuckCleanUp(t *testing.T) {
+	// Keep the suite fast: shrink the per-phase teardown timeout for this test.
+	orig := hostCleanupTimeout
+	hostCleanupTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	t.Cleanup(func() { hostCleanupTimeout = orig })
+
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	ctx := common.WithLogger(context.Background(), logrus.NewEntry(logger))
+	base := t.TempDir()
+	path := filepath.Join(base, "misc", "hostexecutor")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(path, 0o700))
+
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { close(release) }) // unblock the leaked goroutine at test end
+
+	e := &HostEnvironment{
+		Path: path,
+		CleanUp: func() {
+			<-release // simulate a delete syscall stuck indefinitely
+		},
+		StdOut: os.Stdout,
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- e.Remove()(ctx) }()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Remove() hung on a stuck CleanUp callback")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHostEnvironmentRemoveDoesNotHangOnStuckPathRemoval guards against a
+// stalled os.RemoveAll on the misc/workspace paths (same AV/EDR wedge as
+// #1023) wedging job completion after the CleanUp callback has already timed
+// out or finished.
+func TestHostEnvironmentRemoveDoesNotHangOnStuckPathRemoval(t *testing.T) {
+	origTimeout := hostCleanupTimeout
+	hostCleanupTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	t.Cleanup(func() { hostCleanupTimeout = origTimeout })
+
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	stubDone := make(chan struct{})
+
+	origRemoveAll := removeAll
+	removeAll = func(string) error {
+		defer close(stubDone)
+		<-release
+		return nil
+	}
+	// The stuck delete goroutine outlives the timed-out Remove and still reads
+	// removeAll; unblock it and wait before restoring to avoid a restore/read race.
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		close(release)
+		<-stubDone
+		removeAll = origRemoveAll
+	})
+
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	ctx := common.WithLogger(context.Background(), logrus.NewEntry(logger))
+	base := t.TempDir()
+	path := filepath.Join(base, "misc", "hostexecutor")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(path, 0o700))
+
+	e := &HostEnvironment{
+		Path:   path,
+		StdOut: os.Stdout,
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- e.Remove()(ctx) }()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Remove() hung on a stuck path removal")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("single dir", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript([]string{`C:\workspace\job1`})
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `$paths = @('C:\workspace\job1')`)
+		// Self-PID guard is essential — without it the script could taskkill
+		// the PowerShell process running it.
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "$selfPid = $PID")
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "$_.ProcessId -eq $selfPid")
+		// Must match both ExecutablePath (binaries from the workspace) and
+		// CommandLine (system binaries invoked with workspace paths in args),
+		// both bounded by dir+separator so a name-prefix sibling is spared.
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `$prefix = $p + '\'`)
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "$_.ExecutablePath.StartsWith($prefix")
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "$_.CommandLine.IndexOf($prefix")
+		// Each matched PID must be tree-killed, not just stopped.
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "taskkill.exe /PID $_.ProcessId /T /F")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multiple dirs comma-separated", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript([]string{
+			`C:\work\path`,
+			`C:\work\workdir`,
+			`C:\Users\runner\AppData\Local\Temp\job-42`,
+		})
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\work\path'`)
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\work\workdir'`)
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\Users\runner\AppData\Local\Temp\job-42'`)
+		// Commas between entries — no trailing comma, no leading comma.
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\work\path','C:\work\workdir',`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("path with single quote is escaped", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// In PowerShell single-quoted strings the only special char is the
+		// quote itself, escaped by doubling. A workspace path that ever
+		// contained `'` would inject a command into the script otherwise.
+		s := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript([]string{`C:\work\it's\path`})
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\work\it''s\path'`)
+		// And it must NOT appear unescaped — otherwise the quote would
+		// terminate the literal early.
+		assert.NotContains(t, s, `'C:\work\it's\path'`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("path with wildcard metacharacters is matched literally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// A path containing [ ] ? * must be embedded verbatim and matched with
+		// ordinal String methods, not -like, otherwise the metacharacters would
+		// be interpreted as wildcards and the leftover process could escape.
+		s := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript([]string{`C:\work\[job]?1`})
+		assert.Contains(t, s, `'C:\work\[job]?1'`)
+		assert.NotContains(t, s, "-like")
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "StartsWith")
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "IndexOf")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty dir list still produces a valid script", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := buildWindowsWorkspaceKillScript(nil)
+		// Empty array literal — script runs, matches nothing, is a no-op.
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "$paths = @()")
+		assert.Contains(t, s, "Get-CimInstance Win32_Process")
+	})
+}

act/container/process_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build plan9
+
+package container
+
+import "os"
+
+// processKiller falls back to single-process termination on platforms without
+// a process-group / Job Object tree-kill. The Job Object (Windows) and process
+// group (Unix) based tree-kills live in process_windows.go / process_unix.go;
+// here we just kill the direct child, matching the previous default behaviour.
+type processKiller struct {
+	p *os.Process
+}
+
+func newProcessKiller(p *os.Process) (*processKiller, error) {
+	return &processKiller{p: p}, nil
+}
+
+func (k *processKiller) Kill() error {
+	if k == nil || k.p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return k.p.Kill()
+}
+
+func (k *processKiller) Close() error { return nil }

act/container/process_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build !windows && !plan9
+
+package container
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// processKiller terminates a step process together with its whole process
+// group, which is the Unix counterpart of the Windows Job Object tree-kill.
+//
+// Background: a step often launches a process tree (a shell that starts a child
+// which in turn spawns further background processes). The default
+// exec.CommandContext cancellation only kills the direct child, so cancelling a
+// job left the rest of the tree running. Because those orphans inherited the
+// step's stdout/stderr pipe, cmd.Wait() also blocked forever and the runner
+// hung.
+//
+// Steps are started with Setpgid (or Setsid for the PTY path, see
+// getSysProcAttr), which makes the step process the leader of a new process
+// group whose ID equals its PID. Signalling the negative PID delivers to every
+// process still in that group, so we can tear down the whole tree atomically on
+// cancellation, which also closes the inherited pipe handles so cmd.Wait() can
+// return.
+type processKiller struct {
+	pgid int
+}
+
+// newProcessKiller captures the process group of p (an already-started
+// process). Because the step is launched with Setpgid/Setsid, p is a group
+// leader and its PGID equals its PID; children spawned afterwards stay in the
+// same group unless they explicitly create their own.
+func newProcessKiller(p *os.Process) (*processKiller, error) {
+	return &processKiller{pgid: p.Pid}, nil
+}
+
+// Kill sends SIGKILL to the entire process group (the step process and every
+// descendant that stayed in the group). A missing group (ESRCH) means the
+// processes already exited and is not treated as an error.
+func (k *processKiller) Kill() error {
+	if k == nil || k.pgid <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := syscall.Kill(-k.pgid, syscall.SIGKILL); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.ESRCH) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close is a no-op on Unix; there is no job handle to release.
+func (k *processKiller) Close() error { return nil }

act/container/process_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build !windows && !plan9
+
+package container
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// processAlive reports whether pid refers to a still-running process. Signal 0
+// performs error checking without delivering a signal: a nil error (or EPERM)
+// means the process exists, ESRCH means it is gone.
+//
+// On Linux, zombie processes (state Z in /proc/<pid>/stat) appear alive to
+// kill(0) but have already terminated — their corpse lingers until the parent
+// calls wait(). In a Docker container the child may be reparented to a PID 1
+// that does not reap promptly, so we treat zombies as not alive.
+func processAlive(pid int) bool {
+	err := syscall.Kill(pid, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// On Linux /proc is available; check whether the process is a zombie.
+	if b, readErr := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%d/stat", pid)); readErr == nil {
+		// Format: "pid (comm) state ..." — state follows the closing ')' of the
+		// command name (which may itself contain spaces and parens).
+		rest := string(b)
+		if idx := strings.LastIndex(rest, ") "); idx >= 0 {
+			fields := strings.Fields(rest[idx+2:])
+			if len(fields) > 0 && fields[0] == "Z" {
+				return false // zombie: terminated but not yet reaped
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// TestProcessKillerKillsTree verifies that a process group captured by the
+// killer is terminated together with a child the step spawns afterwards. This
+// mirrors a step that launches a child which spawns further processes, where
+// cancelling the job must take down the whole tree, not just the direct child.
+func TestProcessKillerKillsTree(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	pidFile := filepath.Join(dir, "child.pid")
+
+	// Parent shell backgrounds a long-lived child (writing its PID to a file)
+	// and then sleeps. With job control off (non-interactive sh) the backgrounded
+	// child stays in the parent's process group, so the group kill must reach it.
+	script := fmt.Sprintf(`sleep 600 & echo $! > %q; sleep 600`, pidFile)
+	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", "-c", script)
+	// Launch as its own process-group leader, exactly like a real step does (see
+	// getSysProcAttr), so the killer's PGID == the process PID.
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{Setpgid: true}
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Start())
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = syscall.Kill(-cmd.Process.Pid, syscall.SIGKILL)
+		_ = cmd.Wait()
+	})
+
+	killer, err := newProcessKiller(cmd.Process)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer killer.Close()
+
+	// Wait for the backgrounded child PID to be reported.
+	var childPID int
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		b, e := os.ReadFile(pidFile)
+		if e != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		s := strings.TrimSpace(string(b))
+		if s == "" {
+			return false
+		}
+		childPID, _ = strconv.Atoi(s)
+		return childPID > 0 && processAlive(childPID)
+	}, 20*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond, "child process should start")
+
+	// Killing the group must terminate both the parent and the backgrounded child.
+	require.NoError(t, killer.Kill())
+	// Reap the parent so it does not linger as a zombie (which would still report
+	// as alive); SIGKILL makes Wait return promptly.
+	_ = cmd.Wait()
+
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		return !processAlive(childPID)
+	}, 20*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond, "backgrounded child should be terminated")
+}

act/container/process_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package container
+
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+// processKiller terminates a step process together with its entire descendant
+// tree via a Windows Job Object.
+//
+// Background: a step often launches a process tree (a shell that starts a
+// child which in turn spawns further GUI or background processes). The default
+// exec.CommandContext cancellation only kills the direct child, so cancelling a
+// job left the rest of the tree running. Because those orphans inherited the
+// step's stdout/stderr pipe, cmd.Wait() also blocked forever and the runner hung.
+//
+// Assigning the step process to a Job Object lets us kill the whole tree
+// atomically on cancellation (TerminateJobObject), which also closes the
+// inherited pipe handles so cmd.Wait() can return.
+type processKiller struct {
+	job windows.Handle
+}
+
+// newProcessKiller creates a Job Object and assigns p (an already-started
+// process) to it. Children spawned by p afterwards are automatically part of
+// the job. The job does NOT use JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE, so closing
+// the handle on normal completion does not kill legitimate background
+// processes; the tree is only torn down by an explicit Kill (cancellation).
+func newProcessKiller(p *os.Process) (*processKiller, error) {
+	job, err := windows.CreateJobObject(nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	h, err := windows.OpenProcess(windows.PROCESS_SET_QUOTA|windows.PROCESS_TERMINATE, false, uint32(p.Pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		windows.CloseHandle(job)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer windows.CloseHandle(h)
+
+	if err := windows.AssignProcessToJobObject(job, h); err != nil {
+		windows.CloseHandle(job)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &processKiller{job: job}, nil
+}
+
+// Kill terminates every process currently assigned to the job (the step process
+// and all of its descendants).
+func (k *processKiller) Kill() error {
+	if k == nil || k.job == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return windows.TerminateJobObject(k.job, 1)
+}
+
+// Close releases the job handle. It does not terminate the processes.
+func (k *processKiller) Close() error {
+	if k == nil || k.job == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	h := k.job
+	k.job = 0
+	return windows.CloseHandle(h)
+}

act/container/process_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package container
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+// processAlive reports whether pid refers to a still-running process.
+func processAlive(pid int) bool {
+	h, err := windows.OpenProcess(windows.PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION, false, uint32(pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer windows.CloseHandle(h)
+	var code uint32
+	if err := windows.GetExitCodeProcess(h, &code); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	const stillActive = 259 // STILL_ACTIVE
+	return code == stillActive
+}
+
+// TestProcessKillerKillsTree verifies that a process assigned to the Job Object
+// is terminated together with a child it spawns afterwards. This mirrors a step
+// that launches a child which spawns further processes, where cancelling the
+// job must take down the whole tree, not just the direct child.
+func TestProcessKillerKillsTree(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	pidFile := filepath.Join(dir, "child.pid")
+
+	// Parent powershell spawns a detached, long-lived child powershell (writing
+	// its PID to a file) and then sleeps. The child is launched AFTER the parent
+	// has been assigned to the job, so it must be captured by the job too.
+	script := fmt.Sprintf(
+		`$c = Start-Process powershell -PassThru -ArgumentList '-NoProfile','-Command','Start-Sleep -Seconds 600'; `+
+			`Set-Content -LiteralPath %q -Value $c.Id; Start-Sleep -Seconds 600`, pidFile)
+	cmd := exec.Command("powershell.exe", "-NoProfile", "-Command", script)
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Start())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = cmd.Process.Kill() })
+
+	killer, err := newProcessKiller(cmd.Process)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer killer.Close()
+
+	// Wait for the child PID to be reported.
+	var childPID int
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		b, e := os.ReadFile(pidFile)
+		if e != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		s := strings.TrimSpace(string(b))
+		if s == "" {
+			return false
+		}
+		childPID, _ = strconv.Atoi(s)
+		return childPID > 0 && processAlive(childPID)
+	}, 20*time.Second, 200*time.Millisecond, "child process should start")
+
+	// Killing the job must terminate both the parent and the detached child.
+	require.NoError(t, killer.Kill())
+
+	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+		return !processAlive(cmd.Process.Pid) && !processAlive(childPID)
+	}, 20*time.Second, 200*time.Millisecond, "parent and child should both be terminated")
+}

act/model/workflow.go

@@ -325,14 +325,20 @@ func (j *Job) Needs() []string {
 
 // RunsOn list for Job
 func (j *Job) RunsOn() []string {
-	switch j.RawRunsOn.Kind {
+	return RunsOnFromNode(j.RawRunsOn)
+}
+
+// RunsOnFromNode parses the runs-on labels from a raw runs-on node, so callers can evaluate a
+// copy of the node (avoiding mutation of the shared Job) before reading the labels.
+func RunsOnFromNode(rawRunsOn yaml.Node) []string {
+	switch rawRunsOn.Kind {
 	case yaml.MappingNode:
 		var val struct {
 			Group  string
 			Labels yaml.Node
 		}
 
-		if !decodeNode(j.RawRunsOn, &val) {
+		if !decodeNode(rawRunsOn, &val) {
 			return nil
 		}
 
@@ -344,7 +350,7 @@ func (j *Job) RunsOn() []string {
 
 		return labels
 	default:
-		return nodeAsStringSlice(j.RawRunsOn)
+		return nodeAsStringSlice(rawRunsOn)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -645,6 +651,33 @@ type Step struct {
 	TimeoutMinutes     string            `yaml:"timeout-minutes"`
 }
 
+// Clone returns a deep copy safe to mutate independently of s. Job steps are shared across
+// parallel matrix runs, which mutate per-job fields (ID, Number, Shell) and evaluate the If/Env
+// yaml.Nodes in place, so each job must own its copy.
+func (s *Step) Clone() *Step {
+	clone := *s
+	clone.If = CloneYamlNode(s.If)
+	clone.Env = CloneYamlNode(s.Env)
+	clone.With = maps.Clone(s.With)
+	return &clone
+}
+
+// CloneYamlNode returns a deep copy of a yaml.Node so callers can evaluate it in place without
+// mutating a node shared across parallel jobs.
+func CloneYamlNode(n yaml.Node) yaml.Node {
+	clone := n
+	if n.Content != nil {
+		clone.Content = make([]*yaml.Node, len(n.Content))
+		for i, child := range n.Content {
+			if child != nil {
+				childClone := CloneYamlNode(*child)
+				clone.Content[i] = &childClone
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return clone
+}
+
 // String gets the name of step
 func (s *Step) String() string {
 	if s.Name != "" {

act/model/workflow_test.go

@@ -9,9 +9,29 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
 )
 
+// TestStepCloneIsolatesMutableFields guards the parallel-matrix race fix: combinations share the
+// job's *Step, and Clone() must hand each a copy whose If/Env nodes and With map can be mutated
+// independently. A shallow copy would share Env.Content's backing array (and the With map) and
+// leak writes across combinations.
+func TestStepCloneIsolatesMutableFields(t *testing.T) {
+	var orig Step
+	require.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal([]byte("if: ${{ env.X == 'a' }}\nenv:\n  KEY: original\nwith:\n  arg: original\n"), &orig))
+	require.Len(t, orig.Env.Content, 2) // [key, value]
+
+	clone := orig.Clone()
+	clone.If.Value = "changed"
+	clone.Env.Content[1].Value = "changed"
+	clone.With["arg"] = "changed"
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "${{ env.X == 'a' }}", orig.If.Value, "If must not be shared with the clone")
+	assert.Equal(t, "original", orig.Env.Content[1].Value, "Env nodes must not be shared with the clone")
+	assert.Equal(t, "original", orig.With["arg"], "With map must not be shared with the clone")
+}
+
 func TestReadWorkflow_ScheduleEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	yaml := `
 name: local-action-docker-url

act/runner/action.go

@@ -436,13 +436,11 @@ func newStepContainer(ctx context.Context, step step, image string, cmd, entrypo
 	if rc.IsHostEnv(ctx) {
 		networkMode = "default"
 	}
-	stepContainer := container.NewContainer(&container.NewContainerInput{
+	stepContainer := ContainerNewContainer(&container.NewContainerInput{
 		Cmd:          cmd,
 		Entrypoint:   entrypoint,
 		WorkingDir:   rc.JobContainer.ToContainerPath(rc.Config.Workdir),
 		Image:        image,
-		Username:     rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_USERNAME"],
-		Password:     rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_PASSWORD"],
 		Name:         createContainerName(rc.jobContainerName(), "STEP-"+stepModel.ID),
 		Env:          envList,
 		Mounts:       mounts,
@@ -455,7 +453,7 @@ func newStepContainer(ctx context.Context, step step, image string, cmd, entrypo
 		Platform:     rc.Config.ContainerArchitecture,
 		Options:      rc.Config.ContainerOptions,
 		AutoRemove:   rc.Config.AutoRemove,
-		ValidVolumes: rc.Config.ValidVolumes,
+		ValidVolumes: rc.validVolumes(),
 		AllocatePTY:  rc.Config.AllocatePTY,
 	})
 	return stepContainer

act/runner/action_cache_test.go

@@ -8,64 +8,139 @@ import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestActionCache(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
+func runGit(t *testing.T, dir string, args ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if dir != "" {
+		args = append([]string{"-C", dir}, args...)
 	}
+	cmd := exec.Command("git", args...)
+	// Fixed identity and host-config isolation so commits succeed offline regardless of the
+	// host's git config (mirrors gitCmd in act/common/git).
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(),
+		"GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=test", "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=test@example.com",
+		"GIT_COMMITTER_NAME=test", "GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=test@example.com",
+		"GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL=/dev/null", "GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM=/dev/null",
+	)
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+}
+
+// TestShortShaActionRejected verifies a `uses` ref that is a shortened commit SHA is rejected
+// with a clear error. The action is resolved from a local repo (via DefaultActionInstance) so
+// this runs offline.
+func TestShortShaActionRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	// a local "remote" action repo at <root>/actions/hello-world-docker-action
+	actionRoot := t.TempDir()
+	repo := filepath.Join(actionRoot, "actions", "hello-world-docker-action")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(repo, 0o755))
+	runGit(t, "", "init", "--initial-branch=main", repo)
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(repo, "action.yml"),
+		[]byte("name: hello\nruns:\n  using: node24\n  main: index.js\n"), 0o644))
+	runGit(t, repo, "add", ".")
+	runGit(t, repo, "commit", "-m", "initial")
+	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", repo, "rev-parse", "HEAD").Output()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	shortSha := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))[:7]
+
+	// a workflow that uses the action at the short SHA
+	wfDir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "wf")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(wfDir, 0o755))
+	wf := fmt.Sprintf("on: push\njobs:\n  test:\n    runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n    steps:\n      - uses: actions/hello-world-docker-action@%s\n", shortSha)
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(wfDir, "push.yml"), []byte(wf), 0o644))
+
+	runner, err := New(&Config{
+		Workdir:               wfDir,
+		EventName:             "push",
+		Platforms:             map[string]string{"ubuntu-latest": baseImage},
+		GitHubInstance:        "github.com",
+		DefaultActionInstance: actionRoot,
+		ContainerMaxLifetime:  time.Hour,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	planner, err := model.NewWorkflowPlanner(wfDir, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	plan, err := planner.PlanEvent("push")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = runner.NewPlanExecutor(plan)(common.WithDryrun(context.Background(), true))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "shortened version of a commit SHA")
+}
+
+func TestActionCache(t *testing.T) {
 	a := assert.New(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Build a local bare repo with a `js` action dir so this runs offline (formerly cloned
+	// github.com/nektos/act-test-actions over the network). allowAnySHA1InWant lets the
+	// "Fetch Sha" case fetch a commit hash directly.
+	remoteDir := t.TempDir()
+	runGit(t, "", "init", "--bare", "--initial-branch=main", remoteDir)
+	runGit(t, remoteDir, "config", "uploadpack.allowAnySHA1InWant", "true")
+
+	workDir := t.TempDir()
+	runGit(t, "", "clone", remoteDir, workDir)
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(workDir, "js"), 0o755))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(workDir, "js", "action.yml"),
+		[]byte("name: js\nruns:\n  using: node24\n  main: index.js\n"), 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(workDir, "js", "index.js"),
+		[]byte("console.log('hello');\n"), 0o644))
+	runGit(t, workDir, "add", ".")
+	runGit(t, workDir, "commit", "-m", "initial")
+	runGit(t, workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main")
+
+	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", workDir, "rev-parse", "main").Output()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	fullSha := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
+
 	cache := &GoGitActionCache{
 		Path: t.TempDir(),
 	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	cacheDir := "nektos/act-test-actions"
-	repo := "https://github.com/nektos/act-test-actions"
+	cacheDir := "local/act-test-actions"
 	refs := []struct {
-		Name     string
-		CacheDir string
-		Repo     string
-		Ref      string
+		Name string
+		Ref  string
 	}{
-		{
-			Name:     "Fetch Branch Name",
-			CacheDir: cacheDir,
-			Repo:     repo,
-			Ref:      "main",
-		},
-		{
-			Name:     "Fetch Branch Name Absolutely",
-			CacheDir: cacheDir,
-			Repo:     repo,
-			Ref:      "refs/heads/main",
-		},
-		{
-			Name:     "Fetch HEAD",
-			CacheDir: cacheDir,
-			Repo:     repo,
-			Ref:      "HEAD",
-		},
-		{
-			Name:     "Fetch Sha",
-			CacheDir: cacheDir,
-			Repo:     repo,
-			Ref:      "de984ca37e4df4cb9fd9256435a3b82c4a2662b1",
-		},
+		{Name: "Fetch Branch Name", Ref: "main"},
+		{Name: "Fetch Branch Name Absolutely", Ref: "refs/heads/main"},
+		{Name: "Fetch HEAD", Ref: "HEAD"},
+		{Name: "Fetch Sha", Ref: fullSha},
 	}
 	for _, c := range refs {
 		t.Run(c.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			sha, err := cache.Fetch(ctx, c.CacheDir, c.Repo, c.Ref, "")
+			sha, err := cache.Fetch(ctx, cacheDir, remoteDir, c.Ref, "")
 			if !a.NoError(err) || !a.NotEmpty(sha) { //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
 				return
 			}
-			atar, err := cache.GetTarArchive(ctx, c.CacheDir, sha, "js")
-			if !a.NoError(err) || !a.NotEmpty(atar) { //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
+			atar, err := cache.GetTarArchive(ctx, cacheDir, sha, "js")
+			// NotNil, not NotEmpty: atar is a live io.PipeReader whose producer goroutine is
+			// writing concurrently; NotEmpty deep-reflects over its internals and races.
+			if !a.NoError(err) || !a.NotNil(atar) { //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
 				return
 			}
+			// GetTarArchive streams from a background goroutine walking the shared repo.
+			// Drain and close so it finishes before the next subtest fetches into the same
+			// repo; otherwise the lingering walk races with that fetch.
+			defer func() {
+				_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, atar)
+				_ = atar.Close()
+			}()
 			mytar := tar.NewReader(atar)
 			th, err := mytar.Next()
 			if !a.NoError(err) || !a.NotEqual(0, th.Size) { //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act

act/runner/action_test.go

@@ -258,6 +258,54 @@ func TestActionRunner(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestNewStepContainerDoesNotUseDockerSecrets(t *testing.T) {
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+
+	var captured *container.NewContainerInput
+	origContainerNewContainer := ContainerNewContainer
+	ContainerNewContainer = func(input *container.NewContainerInput) container.ExecutionsEnvironment {
+		captured = input
+		return cm
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		ContainerNewContainer = origContainerNewContainer
+	}()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rc := &RunContext{
+		Name: "job",
+		Config: &Config{
+			Secrets: map[string]string{
+				"DOCKER_USERNAME": "docker-user",
+				"DOCKER_PASSWORD": "docker-password",
+			},
+		},
+		Run: &model.Run{
+			JobID: "job",
+			Workflow: &model.Workflow{
+				Name: "test",
+				Jobs: map[string]*model.Job{
+					"job": {},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		JobContainer: cm,
+		StepResults:  map[string]*model.StepResult{},
+	}
+	env := map[string]string{}
+	step := &stepMock{}
+	step.On("getRunContext").Return(rc)
+	step.On("getStepModel").Return(&model.Step{ID: "action"})
+	step.On("getEnv").Return(&env)
+
+	_ = newStepContainer(ctx, step, "registry.example.com/action:tag", nil, nil)
+
+	// DOCKER_USERNAME/DOCKER_PASSWORD should not be injected as pull credentials for docker action containers.
+	assert.Empty(t, captured.Username)
+	assert.Empty(t, captured.Password)
+	step.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
 func TestMaybeCopyToActionDirHoldsCloneLock(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 

act/runner/command.go

@@ -48,10 +48,13 @@ func (rc *RunContext) commandHandler(ctx context.Context) common.LineHandler {
 		if resumeCommand != "" && command != resumeCommand {
 			// There should not be any emojis in the log output for Gitea.
 			// The code in the switch statement is the same.
+			// Return true (not false) so the line still reaches the raw_output
+			// log handler; otherwise everything between ::stop-commands:: and
+			// its end token is silently dropped from the step log.
 			logger.Infof("%s", line)
-			return false
+			return true
 		}
-		arg = unescapeCommandData(arg)
+		arg = UnescapeCommandData(arg)
 		kvPairs = unescapeKvPairs(kvPairs)
 		switch command {
 		case "set-env":
@@ -151,7 +154,7 @@ func parseKeyValuePairs(kvPairs, separator string) map[string]string {
 	return rtn
 }
 
-func unescapeCommandData(arg string) string {
+func UnescapeCommandData(arg string) string {
 	escapeMap := map[string]string{
 		"%25": "%",
 		"%0D": "\r",

act/runner/command_test.go

@@ -28,6 +28,29 @@ func TestSetEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	a.Equal("valz", rc.Env["x"])
 }
 
+func TestStopCommandsKeepsSuppressedLinesInLog(t *testing.T) {
+	a := assert.New(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rc := new(RunContext)
+	handler := rc.commandHandler(ctx)
+
+	// Stop command processing until the matching end token is seen.
+	a.True(handler("::stop-commands::my-end-token\n"))
+
+	// A command-shaped line while stopped must not be executed (env unchanged),
+	// but must still return true so it reaches the raw_output log handler and is
+	// not dropped from the step log.
+	a.True(handler("::set-env name=x::valz\n"))
+	a.NotContains(rc.Env, "x")
+
+	// The matching end token resumes command processing.
+	a.True(handler("::my-end-token::\n"))
+
+	// Commands are processed again after resuming.
+	a.True(handler("::set-env name=y::valy\n"))
+	a.Equal("valy", rc.Env["y"])
+}
+
 func TestSetOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	a := assert.New(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()

act/runner/expression.go

@@ -562,15 +562,15 @@ func getWorkflowSecrets(ctx context.Context, rc *RunContext) map[string]string {
 			secrets = rc.caller.runContext.Config.Secrets
 		}
 
-		if secrets == nil {
-			secrets = map[string]string{}
-		}
-
+		// Interpolate into a new map. secrets may be the shared Config.Secrets (or the job's
+		// map), which other parallel jobs read concurrently (e.g. log masking), so mutating it
+		// in place is a data race.
+		interpolated := make(map[string]string, len(secrets))
 		for k, v := range secrets {
-			secrets[k] = rc.caller.runContext.ExprEval.Interpolate(ctx, v)
+			interpolated[k] = rc.caller.runContext.ExprEval.Interpolate(ctx, v)
 		}
 
-		return secrets
+		return interpolated
 	}
 
 	return rc.Config.Secrets

act/runner/helpers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package runner
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net"
+	"os/exec"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/container"
+
+	mobyclient "github.com/moby/moby/client"
+)
+
+// requireLinuxDocker skips on non-Linux hosts. Some integration workflows need Docker features
+// that only a Linux daemon provides (host networking, host /proc bind mounts); Docker Desktop
+// on macOS/Windows does not, so those tests can only run on Linux.
+func requireLinuxDocker(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		t.Skip("skipping: requires a Linux Docker host")
+	}
+}
+
+// requireDocker skips the test unless a reachable docker daemon is available.
+// GetDockerClient succeeds even without a running daemon (its ping is best-effort),
+// so the daemon has to be pinged explicitly here to decide whether to skip.
+func requireDocker(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cli, err := container.GetDockerClient(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("skipping: docker client unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer cli.Close()
+	if _, err := cli.Ping(ctx, mobyclient.PingOptions{}); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("skipping: docker daemon unreachable: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// requireNetwork skips the test unless github.com is reachable. A few tests exercise behaviour
+// that inherently needs the network (force-pulling an image, resolving a remote short-sha ref);
+// gating lets the rest of the suite run offline without these failing.
+func requireNetwork(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", "github.com:443", 3*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("skipping: network unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = conn.Close()
+}
+
+// requireHostTools skips the test unless every named executable is on PATH. Used by the
+// self-hosted (host environment) suite, which runs steps directly on the host.
+func requireHostTools(t *testing.T, tools ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for _, tool := range tools {
+		if _, err := exec.LookPath(tool); err != nil {
+			t.Skipf("skipping: required host tool %q not found: %v", tool, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

act/runner/job_executor.go

@@ -5,15 +5,46 @@
 package runner
 
 import (
+	"archive/tar"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"path"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
+	"unicode"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/container"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
 )
 
+const maxJobSummaryBytes = 1024 * 1024
+
+// jobSummaryTruncationMarker is appended to a summary that exceeded the size limit
+// so the rendered output makes the truncation visible instead of silently cutting off.
+const jobSummaryTruncationMarker = "\n\n---\n\n*Job summary truncated: it exceeded the maximum allowed size.*\n"
+
+var (
+	jobSummaryUploadRetryDelay = time.Second
+	// jobSummaryUploadRequestTimeout bounds a single step upload request. It is kept
+	// below jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout so one slow or unreachable request times out
+	// and lets the remaining steps still upload within the phase budget, instead of a
+	// single stuck request consuming the whole phase.
+	jobSummaryUploadRequestTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	// jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout bounds the total time spent uploading all step
+	// summaries. The uploads run inside the job cleanup budget that is also used to
+	// stop and remove the container, so a slow or unreachable endpoint must not be
+	// allowed to consume it; this keeps the remaining budget available for teardown.
+	jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout = 15 * time.Second
+)
+
 type jobInfo interface {
 	matrix() map[string]any
 	steps() []*model.Step
@@ -80,8 +111,10 @@ func newJobExecutor(info jobInfo, sf stepFactory, rc *RunContext) common.Executo
 			return common.NewErrorExecutor(err)
 		}
 
+		stepIdx := stepModel.Number
 		preExec := step.pre()
 		preSteps = append(preSteps, useStepLogger(rc, stepModel, stepStagePre, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			rc.CurrentStepIndex = stepIdx
 			preErr := preExec(ctx)
 			if preErr != nil {
 				reportStepError(ctx, preErr)
@@ -93,6 +126,7 @@ func newJobExecutor(info jobInfo, sf stepFactory, rc *RunContext) common.Executo
 
 		stepExec := step.main()
 		steps = append(steps, useStepLogger(rc, stepModel, stepStageMain, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			rc.CurrentStepIndex = stepIdx
 			err := stepExec(ctx)
 			if err != nil {
 				reportStepError(ctx, err)
@@ -104,6 +138,7 @@ func newJobExecutor(info jobInfo, sf stepFactory, rc *RunContext) common.Executo
 
 		postFn := step.post()
 		postExec := useStepLogger(rc, stepModel, stepStagePost, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			rc.CurrentStepIndex = stepIdx
 			err := postFn(ctx)
 			if err != nil {
 				reportStepError(ctx, err)
@@ -129,6 +164,7 @@ func newJobExecutor(info jobInfo, sf stepFactory, rc *RunContext) common.Executo
 			defer cancel()
 
 			logger := common.Logger(ctx)
+			tryUploadJobSummary(ctx, rc)
 			// For Gitea
 			// We don't need to call `stopServiceContainers` here since it will be called by following `info.stopContainer`
 			// logger.Infof("Cleaning up services for job %s", rc.JobName)
@@ -183,18 +219,25 @@ func newJobExecutor(info jobInfo, sf stepFactory, rc *RunContext) common.Executo
 func setJobResult(ctx context.Context, info jobInfo, rc *RunContext, success bool) {
 	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 
-	jobResult := "success"
-	// we have only one result for a whole matrix build, so we need
-	// to keep an existing result state if we run a matrix
-	if len(info.matrix()) > 0 && rc.Run.Job().Result != "" {
-		jobResult = rc.Run.Job().Result
-	}
+	// Matrix combinations share one *model.Job and run in parallel; serialize the
+	// read-modify-write of the job result so a failing combination is not lost-updated by a
+	// concurrent succeeding one.
+	job := rc.Run.Job()
+	jobResult := func() string {
+		defer lockJob(job)()
+		result := "success"
+		// we have only one result for a whole matrix build, so we need
+		// to keep an existing result state if we run a matrix
+		if len(info.matrix()) > 0 && job.Result != "" {
+			result = job.Result
+		}
+		if !success {
+			result = "failure"
+		}
+		info.result(result)
+		return result
+	}()
 
-	if !success {
-		jobResult = "failure"
-	}
-
-	info.result(jobResult)
 	if rc.caller != nil {
 		// set reusable workflow job result
 		rc.caller.setReusedWorkflowJobResult(rc.JobName, jobResult) // For Gitea
@@ -220,10 +263,188 @@ func setJobOutputs(ctx context.Context, rc *RunContext) {
 			callerOutputs[k] = ee.Interpolate(ctx, ee.Interpolate(ctx, v.Value))
 		}
 
-		rc.caller.runContext.Run.Job().Outputs = callerOutputs
+		// Matrix combinations of a reusable-workflow caller share the caller's *model.Job;
+		// serialize the write so parallel combos don't race on its Outputs field.
+		callerJob := rc.caller.runContext.Run.Job()
+		defer lockJob(callerJob)()
+		callerJob.Outputs = callerOutputs
 	}
 }
 
+func tryUploadJobSummary(ctx context.Context, rc *RunContext) {
+	if rc == nil || rc.JobContainer == nil || rc.Config == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// Bound the whole upload phase so a slow or unreachable endpoint cannot consume
+	// the job cleanup budget reserved for stopping and removing the container.
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	env := rc.GetEnv()
+	caps := strings.TrimSpace(env["GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES"])
+	if !hasJobSummaryCapability(caps) {
+		// Server did not advertise support. Do not attempt upload.
+		return
+	}
+	runtimeURL := strings.TrimSpace(env["ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL"])
+	runtimeToken := strings.TrimSpace(env["ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN"])
+	runID := strings.TrimSpace(env["GITEA_RUN_ID"])
+	if runtimeURL == "" || runtimeToken == "" || runID == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	if rc.Run == nil || rc.Run.Job() == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// The numeric ActionRunJob ID is not exposed in the proto Task message or task context,
+	// but the server signs it into the ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN JWT claims. We decode the
+	// unverified claims to retrieve it; the server re-verifies the token on the request.
+	jobID := extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken(runtimeToken)
+	if jobID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	base := strings.TrimRight(runtimeURL, "/") + "/_apis/pipelines/workflows/" + runID +
+		"/jobs/" + strconv.FormatInt(jobID, 10) + "/steps/"
+	actPath := rc.JobContainer.GetActPath()
+	// Reuse a single client across all step uploads so connections can be pooled.
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: jobSummaryUploadRequestTimeout}
+	for i := range rc.Run.Job().Steps {
+		summaryPath := path.Join(actPath, "workflow", "step-summary-"+strconv.Itoa(i)+".md")
+		body, ok := readSingleFileFromContainerArchive(ctx, rc.JobContainer, summaryPath, maxJobSummaryBytes)
+		if !ok || len(body) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		uploadJobSummary(ctx, client, base+strconv.Itoa(i)+"/summary", runtimeToken, body)
+	}
+}
+
+// extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken returns the JobID claim from an ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN JWT
+// without verifying its signature. Returns 0 if the token is unparseable or has no JobID.
+func extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken(token string) int64 {
+	parts := strings.Split(token, ".")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	payload, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(parts[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var claims struct {
+		JobID int64 `json:"JobID"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &claims); err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return claims.JobID
+}
+
+func hasJobSummaryCapability(caps string) bool {
+	return slices.Contains(strings.FieldsFunc(caps, func(r rune) bool {
+		return r == ',' || unicode.IsSpace(r)
+	}), "job-summary")
+}
+
+func uploadJobSummary(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, url, runtimeToken string, body []byte) {
+	logger := common.Logger(ctx)
+
+	var lastStatus int
+	var lastErr error
+	for attempt := 0; attempt < 2; attempt++ {
+		status, err := putJobSummary(ctx, client, url, runtimeToken, body)
+		if err == nil && status/100 == 2 {
+			return
+		}
+		lastStatus = status
+		lastErr = err
+		if attempt == 1 || !isTransientJobSummaryUploadFailure(status, err) {
+			break
+		}
+		timer := time.NewTimer(jobSummaryUploadRetryDelay)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			timer.Stop()
+			lastErr = ctx.Err()
+			attempt = 1
+		case <-timer.C:
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Best-effort only; do not fail job, but log because capability was advertised.
+	if lastErr != nil {
+		logger.WithError(lastErr).Warn("job summary upload failed")
+		return
+	}
+	logger.Warnf("job summary upload failed: status=%d", lastStatus)
+}
+
+func putJobSummary(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, url, runtimeToken string, body []byte) (int, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPut, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+runtimeToken)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "text/markdown; charset=utf-8")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+	return resp.StatusCode, nil
+}
+
+func isTransientJobSummaryUploadFailure(status int, err error) bool {
+	return err != nil || status == http.StatusRequestTimeout || status == http.StatusTooManyRequests || status/100 == 5
+}
+
+func readSingleFileFromContainerArchive(ctx context.Context, env container.ExecutionsEnvironment, p string, maxBytes int64) ([]byte, bool) {
+	rc, err := env.GetContainerArchive(ctx, p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	defer rc.Close()
+
+	tr := tar.NewReader(rc)
+	for {
+		header, err := tr.Next()
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		if header.Typeflag != tar.TypeReg {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !archiveEntryMatchesPath(header.Name, p) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Summaries larger than the limit are truncated rather than dropped, so the
+		// user still gets the leading content (mirroring how GitHub caps oversized
+		// step summaries instead of discarding them). Read one extra byte so an
+		// over-limit file is detected from the actual stream rather than trusting
+		// header.Size, then cap the returned content at maxBytes.
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(tr, maxBytes+1))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		if int64(len(b)) > maxBytes {
+			// Reserve room for the marker so the marked-up result still fits in maxBytes.
+			marker := []byte(jobSummaryTruncationMarker)
+			keep := max(maxBytes-int64(len(marker)), 0)
+			b = append(b[:keep], marker...)
+			common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("job summary truncated: path=%s max=%d", p, maxBytes)
+		}
+		return b, true
+	}
+}
+
+func archiveEntryMatchesPath(entryName, requestedPath string) bool {
+	entryName = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(entryName, "/"))
+	requestedPath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestedPath, "/"))
+	return entryName == requestedPath || entryName == path.Base(requestedPath)
+}
+
 func useStepLogger(rc *RunContext, stepModel *model.Step, stage stepStage, executor common.Executor) common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		ctx = withStepLogger(ctx, stepModel.Number, stepModel.ID, rc.ExprEval.Interpolate(ctx, stepModel.String()), stage.String())
@@ -241,6 +462,11 @@ func useStepLogger(rc *RunContext, stepModel *model.Step, stage stepStage, execu
 		oldout, olderr := rc.JobContainer.ReplaceLogWriter(logWriter, logWriter)
 		defer rc.JobContainer.ReplaceLogWriter(oldout, olderr)
 
+		// Flush any buffered, not-yet-newline-terminated trailing line once the
+		// step has finished, so the final line of the step's output is not lost
+		// when it is not newline-terminated.
+		defer common.FlushWriter(logWriter)
+
 		return executor(ctx)
 	}
 }

act/runner/job_executor_test.go

@@ -5,34 +5,39 @@
 package runner
 
 import (
+	"archive/tar"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/container"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
 
+	logrustest "github.com/sirupsen/logrus/hooks/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestJobExecutor(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	// Dryrun only checks syntax/planning; all cases resolve locally, so this runs offline.
 	tables := []TestJobFileInfo{
 		{workdir, "uses-and-run-in-one-step", "push", "Invalid run/uses syntax for job:test step:Test", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "uses-github-empty", "push", "Expected format {org}/{repo}[/path]@ref", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "uses-github-noref", "push", "Expected format {org}/{repo}[/path]@ref", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "uses-github-root", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-github-path", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "uses-docker-url", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-github-full-sha", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-github-short-sha", "push", "Unable to resolve action `actions/hello-world-docker-action@b136eb8`, the provided ref `b136eb8` is the shortened version of a commit SHA, which is not supported. Please use the full commit SHA `b136eb8894c5cb1dd5807da824be97ccdf9b5423` instead", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "job-nil-step", "push", "invalid Step 0: missing run or uses key", platforms, secrets},
 	}
 	// These tests are sufficient to only check syntax.
@@ -341,3 +346,331 @@ func TestNewJobExecutor(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestHasJobSummaryCapability(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.True(t, hasJobSummaryCapability("cache,job-summary artifacts"))
+	assert.True(t, hasJobSummaryCapability("cache,\njob-summary\tartifacts"))
+	assert.False(t, hasJobSummaryCapability("not-job-summary,job-summary-v2"))
+}
+
+// fakeRuntimeToken builds a JWT-shaped string whose middle (claims) segment encodes
+// the given JobID. The header and signature segments are filler — the runner does not
+// verify the signature; the server does.
+func fakeRuntimeToken(jobID int64) string {
+	header := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(`{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}`))
+	claims := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(fmt.Appendf(nil, `{"JobID":%d}`, jobID))
+	sig := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("sig"))
+	return header + "." + claims + "." + sig
+}
+
+func newJobSummaryRC(env map[string]string, jobContainer container.ExecutionsEnvironment, stepCount int) *RunContext {
+	steps := make([]*model.Step, stepCount)
+	for i := range steps {
+		steps[i] = &model.Step{ID: strconv.Itoa(i)}
+	}
+	return &RunContext{
+		Config:       &Config{},
+		JobContainer: jobContainer,
+		Env:          env,
+		Run: &model.Run{
+			JobID: "test",
+			Workflow: &model.Workflow{
+				Jobs: map[string]*model.Job{
+					"test": {Steps: steps},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTryUploadJobSummaryRetriesTransientFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	oldDelay := jobSummaryUploadRetryDelay
+	jobSummaryUploadRetryDelay = 0
+	defer func() {
+		jobSummaryUploadRetryDelay = oldDelay
+	}()
+
+	runtimeToken := fakeRuntimeToken(34)
+
+	requests := 0
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		requests++
+		assert.Equal(t, http.MethodPut, r.Method)
+		assert.Equal(t, "/_apis/pipelines/workflows/12/jobs/34/steps/0/summary", r.URL.Path)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Bearer "+runtimeToken, r.Header.Get("Authorization"))
+		assert.Equal(t, "text/markdown; charset=utf-8", r.Header.Get("Content-Type"))
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte("# summary"), body)
+		if requests == 1 {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", mock.Anything, "/var/run/act/workflow/step-summary-0.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "step-summary-0.md", body: "# summary"}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	rc := newJobSummaryRC(map[string]string{
+		"GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES": "cache, job-summary",
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL":        server.URL,
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN":      runtimeToken,
+		"GITEA_RUN_ID":               "12",
+	}, cm, 1)
+
+	tryUploadJobSummary(ctx, rc)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, requests)
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+func TestTryUploadJobSummaryStopsAtPhaseTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	oldPhase := jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout
+	jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	defer func() {
+		jobSummaryUploadPhaseTimeout = oldPhase
+	}()
+
+	runtimeToken := fakeRuntimeToken(34)
+
+	// The server blocks until either the request context is cancelled (the behaviour
+	// under test: the phase timeout aborts the in-flight upload) or the test tears it
+	// down. Without the phase timeout the upload would hang until the 30s client
+	// timeout instead of releasing the cleanup budget. The release channel guarantees
+	// the handler always returns so server.Close() cannot itself hang.
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		select {
+		case <-r.Context().Done():
+		case <-release:
+		}
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+	defer close(release)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", mock.Anything, "/var/run/act/workflow/step-summary-0.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "step-summary-0.md", body: "# summary"}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	rc := newJobSummaryRC(map[string]string{
+		"GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES": "job-summary",
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL":        server.URL,
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN":      runtimeToken,
+		"GITEA_RUN_ID":               "12",
+	}, cm, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		tryUploadJobSummary(ctx, rc)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("tryUploadJobSummary did not honour the phase timeout")
+	}
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+func TestTryUploadJobSummaryUploadsEachStepIndependently(t *testing.T) {
+	runtimeToken := fakeRuntimeToken(34)
+
+	type upload struct {
+		path string
+		body string
+	}
+	var got []upload
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		got = append(got, upload{r.URL.Path, string(body)})
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	// Three steps: 0 has content, 1 has empty content (skipped), 2 has content.
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", mock.Anything, "/var/run/act/workflow/step-summary-0.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "step-summary-0.md", body: "first"}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", mock.Anything, "/var/run/act/workflow/step-summary-1.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "step-summary-1.md", body: ""}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", mock.Anything, "/var/run/act/workflow/step-summary-2.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "step-summary-2.md", body: "third"}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	rc := newJobSummaryRC(map[string]string{
+		"GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES": "job-summary",
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL":        server.URL,
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN":      runtimeToken,
+		"GITEA_RUN_ID":               "12",
+	}, cm, 3)
+
+	tryUploadJobSummary(ctx, rc)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []upload{
+		{"/_apis/pipelines/workflows/12/jobs/34/steps/0/summary", "first"},
+		{"/_apis/pipelines/workflows/12/jobs/34/steps/2/summary", "third"},
+	}, got)
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+func TestTryUploadJobSummaryRequiresExactCapability(t *testing.T) {
+	requests := 0
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		requests++
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	rc := newJobSummaryRC(map[string]string{
+		"GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES": "not-job-summary,job-summary-v2",
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL":        server.URL,
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN":      fakeRuntimeToken(34),
+		"GITEA_RUN_ID":               "12",
+	}, &containerMock{}, 1)
+
+	tryUploadJobSummary(context.Background(), rc)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, requests)
+}
+
+func TestTryUploadJobSummarySkipsWhenJobIDMissingFromToken(t *testing.T) {
+	requests := 0
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		requests++
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	rc := newJobSummaryRC(map[string]string{
+		"GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES": "job-summary",
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_URL":        server.URL,
+		"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN":      "not-a-jwt",
+		"GITEA_RUN_ID":               "12",
+	}, &containerMock{}, 1)
+
+	tryUploadJobSummary(context.Background(), rc)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, requests)
+}
+
+func TestExtractJobIDFromRuntimeToken(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(42), extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken(fakeRuntimeToken(42)))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken("not-a-jwt"))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken("a.b.c"))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), extractJobIDFromRuntimeToken(""))
+}
+
+func TestReadSingleFileFromContainerArchiveFindsMatchingRegularFile(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", ctx, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t,
+			tarEntry{name: "workflow", typeflag: tar.TypeDir},
+			tarEntry{name: "other.md", body: "wrong"},
+			tarEntry{name: "SUMMARY.md", body: "right"},
+		))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	body, ok := readSingleFileFromContainerArchive(ctx, cm, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md", 1024)
+
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte("right"), body)
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+func TestReadSingleFileFromContainerArchiveTruncatesWhenTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	logger, hook := logrustest.NewNullLogger()
+	ctx := common.WithLogger(context.Background(), logger)
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	content := strings.Repeat("a", 300)
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", ctx, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "SUMMARY.md", body: content}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	const maxBytes = 200
+	body, ok := readSingleFileFromContainerArchive(ctx, cm, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md", maxBytes)
+
+	// Oversized summaries are truncated to the limit (reserving room for the marker)
+	// rather than dropped entirely, and the truncation marker is appended.
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.LessOrEqual(t, len(body), maxBytes)
+	keep := maxBytes - len(jobSummaryTruncationMarker)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte(content[:keep]+jobSummaryTruncationMarker), body)
+	if assert.Len(t, hook.Entries, 1) {
+		assert.Contains(t, hook.Entries[0].Message, "job summary truncated")
+	}
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+func TestReadSingleFileFromContainerArchiveKeepsExactLimitWithoutWarning(t *testing.T) {
+	logger, hook := logrustest.NewNullLogger()
+	ctx := common.WithLogger(context.Background(), logger)
+	cm := &containerMock{}
+	cm.On("GetContainerArchive", ctx, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md").Return(
+		io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(tarArchive(t, tarEntry{name: "SUMMARY.md", body: "abc"}))),
+		nil,
+	).Once()
+
+	body, ok := readSingleFileFromContainerArchive(ctx, cm, "/var/run/act/workflow/SUMMARY.md", 3)
+
+	// A summary that is exactly at the limit is kept whole and not flagged as truncated.
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte("abc"), body)
+	assert.Empty(t, hook.Entries)
+	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
+}
+
+type tarEntry struct {
+	name     string
+	body     string
+	typeflag byte
+}
+
+func tarArchive(t *testing.T, entries ...tarEntry) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	tw := tar.NewWriter(buf)
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		typeflag := entry.typeflag
+		if typeflag == 0 {
+			typeflag = tar.TypeReg
+		}
+		header := &tar.Header{
+			Name:     entry.name,
+			Typeflag: typeflag,
+			Mode:     0o644,
+			Size:     int64(len(entry.body)),
+		}
+		if typeflag == tar.TypeDir {
+			header.Mode = 0o755
+			header.Size = 0
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, tw.WriteHeader(header))
+		if typeflag == tar.TypeReg {
+			_, err := tw.Write([]byte(entry.body))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, tw.Close())
+	return buf.Bytes()
+}

act/runner/logger.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -166,9 +167,29 @@ func withStepLogger(ctx context.Context, stepNumber int, stepID, stepName, stage
 
 type entryProcessor func(entry *logrus.Entry) *logrus.Entry
 
+func AppendSecretMasker(oldnew []string, v string) []string {
+	ret := oldnew
+
+	for l := range strings.SplitSeq(v, "\n") {
+		tm := strings.TrimSpace(l)
+		// formatted JSON secrets could otherwise mask {,[,],} everywhere
+		if len(tm) > 1 {
+			ret = append(ret, tm, "***")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ret
+}
+
 // valueMasker applies secrets and ::add-mask:: patterns to every log entry, including
 // raw_output (command/stream) lines; there is no bypass by field.
 func valueMasker(insecureSecrets bool, secrets map[string]string) entryProcessor {
+	var oldnew []string
+	for _, v := range secrets {
+		oldnew = AppendSecretMasker(oldnew, v)
+	}
+	oldnew = slices.Clip(oldnew)
+	defReplacer := strings.NewReplacer(oldnew...)
 	return func(entry *logrus.Entry) *logrus.Entry {
 		if insecureSecrets {
 			return entry
@@ -176,16 +197,16 @@ func valueMasker(insecureSecrets bool, secrets map[string]string) entryProcessor
 
 		masks := Masks(entry.Context)
 
-		for _, v := range secrets {
-			if v != "" {
-				entry.Message = strings.ReplaceAll(entry.Message, v, "***")
-			}
-		}
+		if len(*masks) == 0 {
+			entry.Message = defReplacer.Replace(entry.Message)
+		} else {
+			cmasker := oldnew
 
-		for _, v := range *masks {
-			if v != "" {
-				entry.Message = strings.ReplaceAll(entry.Message, v, "***")
+			for _, v := range *masks {
+				cmasker = AppendSecretMasker(cmasker, v)
 			}
+
+			entry.Message = strings.NewReplacer(cmasker...).Replace(entry.Message)
 		}
 
 		return entry

act/runner/logger_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package runner
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestValueMasker(t *testing.T) {
+	table := []struct {
+		name       string
+		lines      string
+		secrets    map[string]string
+		masks      []string
+		disallowed []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "Multiline Private Key",
+			lines: "cat << EOF > private.key\nPRIVATE_KEY_BEGIN\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\nPRIVATE_KEY_END\nEOF",
+			secrets: map[string]string{
+				"PRIVATE_KEY": "PRIVATE_KEY_BEGIN\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\nPRIVATE_KEY_END",
+			},
+			disallowed: []string{"KEY", "dsdfseffefsefes", "PRIVATE_KEY_END"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "Multiline Private Key in masks",
+			lines:      "cat << EOF > private.key\nPRIVATE_KEY_BEGIN\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\nPRIVATE_KEY_END\nEOF",
+			masks:      []string{"PRIVATE_KEY_BEGIN\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\ndsdfseffefsefes\nPRIVATE_KEY_END"},
+			disallowed: []string{"KEY", "dsdfseffefsefes", "PRIVATE_KEY_END"},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, entry := range table {
+		t.Run(entry.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := WithMasks(t.Context(), &entry.masks)
+			masker := valueMasker(false, entry.secrets)
+			for line := range strings.SplitSeq(entry.lines, "\n") {
+				lentry := masker(&logrus.Entry{
+					Context: ctx,
+					Message: line,
+				})
+				for _, line := range entry.disallowed {
+					assert.NotContains(t, lentry.Message, line)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

act/runner/reusable_workflow.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ func newLocalReusableWorkflowExecutor(rc *RunContext) common.Executor {
 		workflowDir = strings.TrimPrefix(workflowDir, "./")
 
 		return common.NewPipelineExecutor(
-			newReusableWorkflowExecutor(rc, workflowDir, fileName),
+			// resolve the local workflow against the workspace root, not the process
+			// working directory, so it is found regardless of where the runner is invoked
+			newReusableWorkflowExecutor(rc, filepath.Join(rc.Config.Workdir, workflowDir), fileName),
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -284,7 +287,11 @@ func setReusedWorkflowCallerResult(rc *RunContext, runner Runner) common.Executo
 			if rc.caller != nil {
 				rc.caller.setReusedWorkflowJobResult(rc.JobName, reusedWorkflowJobResult)
 			} else {
+				// Serialize this shared Job.Result write against the other matrix combos
+				// and setJobResult (same lockJob key).
+				unlock := lockJob(rc.Run.Job())
 				rc.result(reusedWorkflowJobResult)
+				unlock()
 				logger.WithField("jobResult", reusedWorkflowJobResult).Infof("Job %s", reusedWorkflowJobResultMessage)
 			}
 		}

act/runner/run_context.go

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
@@ -34,15 +36,19 @@ import (
 
 // RunContext contains info about current job
 type RunContext struct {
-	Name                string
-	Config              *Config
-	Matrix              map[string]any
-	Run                 *model.Run
-	EventJSON           string
-	Env                 map[string]string
-	GlobalEnv           map[string]string // to pass env changes of GITHUB_ENV and set-env correctly, due to dirty Env field
-	ExtraPath           []string
-	CurrentStep         string
+	Name        string
+	Config      *Config
+	Matrix      map[string]any
+	Run         *model.Run
+	EventJSON   string
+	Env         map[string]string
+	GlobalEnv   map[string]string // to pass env changes of GITHUB_ENV and set-env correctly, due to dirty Env field
+	ExtraPath   []string
+	CurrentStep string
+	// CurrentStepIndex is the index of the top-level job step currently executing
+	// (model.Step.Number). Composite sub-steps inherit the outer step's index by
+	// walking the Parent chain; see topLevelRunContext.
+	CurrentStepIndex    int
 	StepResults         map[string]*model.StepResult
 	IntraActionState    map[string]map[string]string
 	ExprEval            ExpressionEvaluator
@@ -55,6 +61,18 @@ type RunContext struct {
 	Masks               []string
 	cleanUpJobContainer common.Executor
 	caller              *caller // job calling this RunContext (reusable workflows)
+	// summaryFileInitialized tracks which per-step summary files (workflow/step-summary-N.md)
+	// have already been created on the JobContainer. The runner sets up file-command files
+	// via JobContainer.Copy at the start of every phase, which truncates them — fine for
+	// GITHUB_ENV/OUTPUT/STATE/PATH (consumed per phase) but wrong for GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY,
+	// which has accumulating semantics. We initialize each step's summary file exactly once
+	// so writes from later phases and from composite sub-steps append to the same file.
+	// Only populated on the top-level RunContext; child RCs walk Parent via topLevelRunContext.
+	summaryFileInitialized map[int]bool
+	// outputTemplate is this combination's pristine snapshot of the job's output expressions,
+	// captured before execution so each matrix combo interpolates from the originals rather
+	// than from a sibling's already-resolved values written into the shared Job.Outputs.
+	outputTemplate map[string]string
 }
 
 func (rc *RunContext) AddMask(mask string) {
@@ -130,17 +148,34 @@ func getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(daemonPath string) string {
 	return daemonPath
 }
 
+// containerDaemonSocket returns the configured Docker daemon socket, applying the default
+// without mutating the shared Config. Parallel jobs in a plan share one *Config, so a job
+// must never write to it.
+func (rc *RunContext) containerDaemonSocket() string {
+	if rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket == "" {
+		return "/var/run/docker.sock"
+	}
+	return rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket
+}
+
+// validVolumes returns the volumes allowed on this job's containers: the configured base
+// plus the volumes the runner mounts automatically. It derives a fresh slice every call and
+// never mutates the shared Config (see containerDaemonSocket).
+func (rc *RunContext) validVolumes() []string {
+	name := rc.jobContainerName()
+	volumes := slices.Clone(rc.Config.ValidVolumes)
+	// TODO: add a new configuration to control whether the docker daemon can be mounted
+	return append(volumes, "act-toolcache", name, name+"-env",
+		getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(rc.containerDaemonSocket()))
+}
+
 // Returns the binds and mounts for the container, resolving paths as appopriate
 func (rc *RunContext) GetBindsAndMounts() ([]string, map[string]string) {
 	name := rc.jobContainerName()
 
-	if rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket == "" {
-		rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket = "/var/run/docker.sock"
-	}
-
 	binds := []string{}
-	if rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket != "-" {
-		daemonPath := getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket)
+	if daemonSocket := rc.containerDaemonSocket(); daemonSocket != "-" {
+		daemonPath := getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(daemonSocket)
 		binds = append(binds, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", daemonPath, "/var/run/docker.sock"))
 	}
 
@@ -179,14 +214,6 @@ func (rc *RunContext) GetBindsAndMounts() ([]string, map[string]string) {
 		mounts[name] = ext.ToContainerPath(rc.Config.Workdir)
 	}
 
-	// For Gitea
-	// add some default binds and mounts to ValidVolumes
-	rc.Config.ValidVolumes = append(rc.Config.ValidVolumes, "act-toolcache")
-	rc.Config.ValidVolumes = append(rc.Config.ValidVolumes, name)
-	rc.Config.ValidVolumes = append(rc.Config.ValidVolumes, name+"-env")
-	// TODO: add a new configuration to control whether the docker daemon can be mounted
-	rc.Config.ValidVolumes = append(rc.Config.ValidVolumes, getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket))
-
 	return binds, mounts
 }
 
@@ -432,7 +459,7 @@ func (rc *RunContext) startJobContainer() common.Executor {
 			Platform:       rc.Config.ContainerArchitecture,
 			Options:        rc.options(ctx),
 			AutoRemove:     rc.Config.AutoRemove,
-			ValidVolumes:   rc.Config.ValidVolumes,
+			ValidVolumes:   rc.validVolumes(),
 			AllocatePTY:    rc.Config.AllocatePTY,
 		})
 		if rc.JobContainer == nil {
@@ -586,14 +613,29 @@ func (rc *RunContext) ActionCacheDir() string {
 }
 
 // Interpolate outputs after a job is done
+// jobMutexes serializes per-job result/output aggregation across the matrix combinations that
+// share one *model.Job and run in parallel. Keyed by the shared *model.Job (mirrors the
+// per-directory AcquireCloneLock pattern).
+var jobMutexes sync.Map // key: *model.Job; value: *sync.Mutex
+
+func lockJob(job *model.Job) func() {
+	v, _ := jobMutexes.LoadOrStore(job, &sync.Mutex{})
+	mu := v.(*sync.Mutex)
+	mu.Lock()
+	return mu.Unlock
+}
+
 func (rc *RunContext) interpolateOutputs() common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		ee := rc.NewExpressionEvaluator(ctx)
-		for k, v := range rc.Run.Job().Outputs {
-			interpolated := ee.Interpolate(ctx, v)
-			if v != interpolated {
-				rc.Run.Job().Outputs[k] = interpolated
-			}
+		job := rc.Run.Job()
+		// Matrix combinations share this Job and its Outputs map. Interpolate from this combo's
+		// pristine snapshot (outputTemplate) and write under the lock, so each combo overwrites
+		// with its own resolved values (last wins, as on GitHub) instead of the first combo's
+		// resolved values freezing the shared template against later combos.
+		defer lockJob(job)()
+		for k, v := range rc.outputTemplate {
+			job.Outputs[k] = ee.Interpolate(ctx, v)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -660,7 +702,29 @@ func (rc *RunContext) result(result string) {
 }
 
 func (rc *RunContext) steps() []*model.Step {
-	return rc.Run.Job().Steps
+	// Return per-job copies of the steps. Matrix combinations run in parallel and share the
+	// workflow model, but step execution mutates per-job fields and evaluates the If/Env nodes
+	// in place, so the *model.Step instances must not be shared across jobs (see Step.Clone).
+	shared := rc.Run.Job().Steps
+	steps := make([]*model.Step, len(shared))
+	for i, step := range shared {
+		if step == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		steps[i] = step.Clone()
+	}
+	return steps
+}
+
+// topLevelRunContext walks the Parent chain to the outermost RunContext. Composite
+// actions create child RunContexts whose sub-steps need to share the outer job step's
+// summary file path so that nested writes accumulate under the right step_index.
+func (rc *RunContext) topLevelRunContext() *RunContext {
+	top := rc
+	for top.Parent != nil {
+		top = top.Parent
+	}
+	return top
 }
 
 // Executor returns a pipeline executor for all the steps in the job
@@ -737,12 +801,15 @@ func (rc *RunContext) runsOnPlatformNames(ctx context.Context) []string {
 		return []string{}
 	}
 
-	if err := rc.ExprEval.EvaluateYamlNode(ctx, &job.RawRunsOn); err != nil {
+	// Evaluate a copy: RawRunsOn is shared across parallel matrix jobs, so interpolating it in
+	// place would race and leak one matrix combination's runs-on into the others.
+	rawRunsOn := model.CloneYamlNode(job.RawRunsOn)
+	if err := rc.ExprEval.EvaluateYamlNode(ctx, &rawRunsOn); err != nil {
 		common.Logger(ctx).Errorf("Error while evaluating runs-on: %v", err)
 		return []string{}
 	}
 
-	return job.RunsOn()
+	return model.RunsOnFromNode(rawRunsOn)
 }
 
 func (rc *RunContext) platformImage(ctx context.Context) string {
@@ -1108,21 +1175,18 @@ func setActionRuntimeVars(rc *RunContext, env map[string]string) {
 }
 
 func (rc *RunContext) handleCredentials(ctx context.Context) (string, string, error) {
-	// TODO: remove below 2 lines when we can release act with breaking changes
-	username := rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_USERNAME"]
-	password := rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_PASSWORD"]
-
 	container := rc.Run.Job().Container()
 	if container == nil || container.Credentials == nil {
-		return username, password, nil
+		return "", "", nil
 	}
 
-	if container.Credentials != nil && len(container.Credentials) != 2 {
+	if len(container.Credentials) != 2 {
 		err := errors.New("invalid property count for key 'credentials:'")
 		return "", "", err
 	}
 
 	ee := rc.NewExpressionEvaluator(ctx)
+	var username, password string
 	if username = ee.Interpolate(ctx, container.Credentials["username"]); username == "" {
 		err := errors.New("failed to interpolate container.credentials.username")
 		return "", "", err
@@ -1165,12 +1229,9 @@ func (rc *RunContext) handleServiceCredentials(ctx context.Context, creds map[st
 
 // GetServiceBindsAndMounts returns the binds and mounts for the service container, resolving paths as appopriate
 func (rc *RunContext) GetServiceBindsAndMounts(svcVolumes []string) ([]string, map[string]string) {
-	if rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket == "" {
-		rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket = "/var/run/docker.sock"
-	}
 	binds := []string{}
-	if rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket != "-" {
-		daemonPath := getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(rc.Config.ContainerDaemonSocket)
+	if daemonSocket := rc.containerDaemonSocket(); daemonSocket != "-" {
+		daemonPath := getDockerDaemonSocketMountPath(daemonSocket)
 		binds = append(binds, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", daemonPath, "/var/run/docker.sock"))
 	}
 

act/runner/run_context_test.go

@@ -170,6 +170,38 @@ func TestRunContext_EvalBool(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRunContextHandleCredentialsDoesNotUseDockerSecrets(t *testing.T) {
+	workflow, err := model.ReadWorkflow(strings.NewReader(`
+name: test
+on: push
+jobs:
+  job:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps: []
+`))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rc := &RunContext{
+		Config: &Config{
+			Secrets: map[string]string{
+				"DOCKER_USERNAME": "docker-user",
+				"DOCKER_PASSWORD": "docker-password",
+			},
+			Env: map[string]string{},
+		},
+		Run: &model.Run{
+			JobID:    "job",
+			Workflow: workflow,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// DOCKER_USERNAME/DOCKER_PASSWORD secrets should not be used as implicit job container pull credentials.
+	username, password, err := rc.handleCredentials(t.Context())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, username)
+	assert.Empty(t, password)
+}
+
 func TestRunContext_GetBindsAndMounts(t *testing.T) {
 	rctemplate := &RunContext{
 		Name: "TestRCName",
@@ -281,6 +313,44 @@ func TestRunContext_GetBindsAndMounts(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestRunContextValidVolumes(t *testing.T) {
+	rc := &RunContext{
+		Name:   "job",
+		Run:    &model.Run{Workflow: &model.Workflow{Name: "wf"}},
+		Config: &Config{ValidVolumes: []string{"my-vol", "/host/path"}},
+	}
+	name := rc.jobContainerName()
+
+	got := rc.validVolumes()
+
+	// the configured volumes plus the four the runner mounts automatically
+	assert.Subset(t, got, []string{"my-vol", "/host/path", "act-toolcache", name, name + "-env", "/var/run/docker.sock"})
+
+	// deriving the list must never mutate or grow the shared Config slice: parallel matrix
+	// combinations share one *Config, and the previous in-place append was a data race.
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"my-vol", "/host/path"}, rc.Config.ValidVolumes)
+	assert.Len(t, rc.validVolumes(), len(got), "repeated calls must be stable, not accumulate")
+}
+
+// TestInterpolateOutputsIsPerMatrixCombo guards the matrix-output fix: combinations share one
+// *model.Job, so each must interpolate from its own pristine snapshot. Otherwise the first
+// combo's resolved value freezes the shared template and later combos can't resolve their own.
+func TestInterpolateOutputsIsPerMatrixCombo(t *testing.T) {
+	job := &model.Job{Outputs: map[string]string{"o": "${{ matrix.v }}"}}
+	run := &model.Run{JobID: "j", Workflow: &model.Workflow{Name: "w", Jobs: map[string]*model.Job{"j": job}}}
+	r := &runnerImpl{config: &Config{}}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	rcA := r.newRunContext(ctx, run, map[string]any{"v": "a"})
+	rcB := r.newRunContext(ctx, run, map[string]any{"v": "b"})
+
+	require.NoError(t, rcA.interpolateOutputs()(ctx))
+	require.NoError(t, rcB.interpolateOutputs()(ctx))
+
+	// Last combo wins (matching GitHub) instead of being frozen to combo A's "a".
+	require.Equal(t, "b", job.Outputs["o"])
+}
+
 func TestGetGitHubContext(t *testing.T) {
 	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)
 

act/runner/runner.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
@@ -250,7 +251,14 @@ func (runner *runnerImpl) NewPlanExecutor(plan *model.Plan) common.Executor {
 						return executor(common.WithJobErrorContainer(WithJobLogger(ctx, rc.Run.JobID, jobName, rc.Config, &rc.Masks, matrix)))
 					})
 				}
-				pipeline = append(pipeline, common.NewParallelExecutor(maxParallel, stageExecutor...))
+				// Run all matrix combinations of this job, then drop its aggregation mutex: the
+				// combos are the only users of it, so once they finish the jobMutexes entry can be
+				// released, keeping the map from growing unbounded over a long-lived runner.
+				stageParallel := common.NewParallelExecutor(maxParallel, stageExecutor...)
+				pipeline = append(pipeline, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					defer jobMutexes.Delete(job)
+					return stageParallel(ctx)
+				})
 			}
 
 			// For pipeline execution:
@@ -334,6 +342,11 @@ func (runner *runnerImpl) newRunContext(ctx context.Context, run *model.Run, mat
 	}
 	rc.ExprEval = rc.NewExpressionEvaluator(ctx)
 	rc.Name = rc.ExprEval.Interpolate(ctx, run.String())
+	// Snapshot the job's pristine output expressions now, before any matrix combo runs and
+	// rewrites the shared Job.Outputs (see interpolateOutputs).
+	if job := run.Job(); job != nil {
+		rc.outputTemplate = maps.Clone(job.Outputs)
+	}
 
 	return rc
 }

act/runner/runner_test.go

@@ -188,14 +188,17 @@ func (j *TestJobFileInfo) runTest(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, cfg *Config
 		EventPath:             cfg.EventPath,
 		Platforms:             j.platforms,
 		ReuseContainers:       false,
+		ForceRebuild:          true,
 		Env:                   cfg.Env,
 		Secrets:               cfg.Secrets,
 		Inputs:                cfg.Inputs,
 		GitHubInstance:        "github.com",
+		DefaultActionInstance: cfg.DefaultActionInstance,
 		ContainerArchitecture: cfg.ContainerArchitecture,
 		ContainerMaxLifetime:  time.Hour,
 		Matrix:                cfg.Matrix,
 		ActionCache:           cfg.ActionCache,
+		ValidVolumes:          []string{"**"}, // allow workflow-declared volumes (e.g. container-volumes)
 	}
 
 	runner, err := New(runnerConfig)
@@ -223,18 +226,14 @@ type TestConfig struct {
 }
 
 func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
 	tables := []TestJobFileInfo{
 		// Shells
 		{workdir, "shells/defaults", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "shells/pwsh", "push", "", map[string]string{"ubuntu-latest": "catthehacker/ubuntu:pwsh-latest"}, secrets}, // custom image with pwsh
 		{workdir, "shells/bash", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "shells/python", "push", "", map[string]string{"ubuntu-latest": "node:24-bookworm"}, secrets}, // slim doesn't have python
 		{workdir, "shells/sh", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 		// Local action
@@ -246,11 +245,6 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		// Uses
 		{workdir, "uses-composite", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "uses-composite-with-error", "push", "Job 'failing-composite-action' failed", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-nested-composite", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "remote-action-composite-js-pre-with-defaults", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "remote-action-composite-action-ref", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-workflow", "push", "", platforms, map[string]string{"secret": "keep_it_private"}},
-		{workdir, "uses-workflow", "pull_request", "", platforms, map[string]string{"secret": "keep_it_private"}},
 		{workdir, "uses-docker-url", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "act-composite-env-test", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
@@ -260,21 +254,15 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		{workdir, "evalmatrixneeds2", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "evalmatrix-merge-map", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "evalmatrix-merge-array", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "issue-1195", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 		{workdir, "basic", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "fail", "push", "exit with `FAILURE`: 1", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "runs-on", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "checkout", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "job-container", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "job-container-non-root", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "job-container-invalid-credentials", "push", "failed to handle credentials: failed to interpolate container.credentials.password", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "container-hostname", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "remote-action-docker", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "remote-action-js", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "remote-action-js-node-user", "push", "", platforms, secrets}, // Test if this works with non root container
 		{workdir, "matrix", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "matrix-include-exclude", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "matrix-exitcode", "push", "Job 'test' failed", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "commands", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "workdir", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
@@ -295,7 +283,6 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		{workdir, "job-status-check", "push", "job 'fail' failed", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "if-expressions", "push", "Job 'mytest' failed", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "actions-environment-and-context-tests", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "evalenv", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "docker-action-custom-path", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "GITHUB_ENV-use-in-env-ctx", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
@@ -306,7 +293,6 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		{workdir, "workflow_dispatch-scalar", "workflow_dispatch", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "workflow_dispatch-scalar-composite-action", "workflow_dispatch", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "job-needs-context-contains-result", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{"../model/testdata", "strategy", "push", "", platforms, secrets}, // TODO: move all testdata into pkg so we can validate it with planner and runner
 		{"../model/testdata", "container-volumes", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "path-handling", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "do-not-leak-step-env-in-composite", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
@@ -316,7 +302,6 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// services
 		{workdir, "services", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "services-host-network", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "services-with-container", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 		// local remote action overrides
@@ -325,6 +310,11 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, table := range tables {
 		t.Run(table.workflowPath, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if table.workflowPath == "container-volumes" {
+				// host /proc bind mounts are Linux-Docker-only
+				requireLinuxDocker(t)
+			}
+
 			config := &Config{
 				Secrets: table.secrets,
 			}
@@ -356,9 +346,12 @@ func TestRunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	// Runs steps directly on the host (the "-self-hosted" platform), so it needs the shells
+	// and tools the workflows invoke. No network gate: every action these workflows reference
+	// is a local `./` fixture or the skipped actions/checkout, so the suite runs offline (same
+	// as TestRunEvent). Only the broadly-used interpreters are required up front; the pwsh- and
+	// nix-specific cases gate on their own tool below so a missing pwsh/nix skips just those.
+	requireHostTools(t, "bash", "node")
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -374,7 +367,6 @@ func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
 			{workdir, "shells/defaults", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "shells/pwsh", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "shells/bash", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "shells/python", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "shells/sh", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 			// Local action
@@ -383,7 +375,6 @@ func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
 			// Uses
 			{workdir, "uses-composite", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "uses-composite-with-error", "push", "Job 'failing-composite-action' failed", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "uses-nested-composite", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "act-composite-env-test", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 			// Eval
@@ -392,14 +383,10 @@ func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
 			{workdir, "evalmatrixneeds2", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "evalmatrix-merge-map", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "evalmatrix-merge-array", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "issue-1195", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 			{workdir, "fail", "push", "exit with `FAILURE`: 1", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "runs-on", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "checkout", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "remote-action-js", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "matrix", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "matrix-include-exclude", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "commands", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "defaults-run", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "composite-fail-with-output", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
@@ -413,7 +400,6 @@ func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
 			{workdir, "steps-context/outcome", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "job-status-check", "push", "job 'fail' failed", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "if-expressions", "push", "Job 'mytest' failed", platforms, secrets},
-			{workdir, "uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "evalenv", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 			{workdir, "ensure-post-steps", "push", "Job 'second-post-step-should-fail' failed", platforms, secrets},
 		}...)
@@ -446,24 +432,26 @@ func TestRunEventHostEnvironment(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, table := range tables {
 		t.Run(table.workflowPath, func(t *testing.T) {
+			switch table.workflowPath {
+			case "shells/pwsh":
+				requireHostTools(t, "pwsh")
+			case "nix-prepend-path":
+				requireHostTools(t, "nix")
+			}
 			table.runTest(ctx, t, &Config{})
 		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDryrunEvent(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
-
+	// Dryrun plans without containers or network (shells and local actions only).
 	ctx := common.WithDryrun(context.Background(), true)
 
 	tables := []TestJobFileInfo{
 		// Shells
 		{workdir, "shells/defaults", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "shells/pwsh", "push", "", map[string]string{"ubuntu-latest": "catthehacker/ubuntu:pwsh-latest"}, secrets}, // custom image with pwsh
+		{workdir, "shells/pwsh", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 		{workdir, "shells/bash", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
-		{workdir, "shells/python", "push", "", map[string]string{"ubuntu-latest": "node:24-bookworm"}, secrets}, // slim doesn't have python
 		{workdir, "shells/sh", "push", "", platforms, secrets},
 
 		// Local action
@@ -480,10 +468,18 @@ func TestDryrunEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestReusableWorkflowCaller exercises the reusable-workflow caller path against a local
+// reusable workflow (typed inputs, secrets as both a map and `inherit`, and reading the called
+// workflow's outputs via `needs`).
+func TestReusableWorkflowCaller(t *testing.T) {
+	requireDocker(t)
+	table := TestJobFileInfo{workdir, "uses-workflow", "push", "", platforms, map[string]string{"secret": "keep_it_private"}}
+	table.runTest(context.Background(), t, &Config{Secrets: table.secrets})
+}
+
 func TestDockerActionForcePullForceRebuild(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
+	requireNetwork(t) // force-pulls a docker action image
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
 
@@ -504,22 +500,6 @@ func TestDockerActionForcePullForceRebuild(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRunDifferentArchitecture(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
-
-	tjfi := TestJobFileInfo{
-		workdir:      workdir,
-		workflowPath: "basic",
-		eventName:    "push",
-		errorMessage: "",
-		platforms:    platforms,
-	}
-
-	tjfi.runTest(context.Background(), t, &Config{ContainerArchitecture: "linux/arm64"})
-}
-
 type maskJobLoggerFactory struct {
 	Output bytes.Buffer
 }
@@ -540,9 +520,7 @@ func TestMaskValues(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.False(t, strings.Contains(text, "composite secret")) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
 	}
 
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 
 	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)
 
@@ -563,9 +541,7 @@ func TestMaskValues(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunEventSecrets(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 	workflowPath := "secrets"
 
 	tjfi := TestJobFileInfo{
@@ -585,9 +561,7 @@ func TestRunEventSecrets(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunWithService(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 
 	log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -603,10 +577,11 @@ func TestRunWithService(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err, workflowPath) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
 
 	runnerConfig := &Config{
-		Workdir:         workdir,
-		EventName:       eventName,
-		Platforms:       platforms,
-		ReuseContainers: false,
+		Workdir:              workdir,
+		EventName:            eventName,
+		Platforms:            platforms,
+		ReuseContainers:      false,
+		ContainerMaxLifetime: time.Hour, // otherwise the job container is `sleep 0` and exits at once
 	}
 	runner, err := New(runnerConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err, workflowPath) //nolint:testifylint // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
@@ -622,9 +597,7 @@ func TestRunWithService(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunActionInputs(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 	workflowPath := "input-from-cli"
 
 	tjfi := TestJobFileInfo{
@@ -643,9 +616,7 @@ func TestRunActionInputs(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunEventPullRequest(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 
 	workflowPath := "pull-request"
 
@@ -661,9 +632,7 @@ func TestRunEventPullRequest(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunMatrixWithUserDefinedInclusions(t *testing.T) {
-	if testing.Short() {
-		t.Skip("skipping integration test")
-	}
+	requireDocker(t)
 	workflowPath := "matrix-with-user-inclusions"
 
 	tjfi := TestJobFileInfo{

act/runner/step.go

@@ -124,7 +124,12 @@ func runStepExecutor(step step, stage stepStage, executor common.Executor) commo
 		envFileCommand := path.Join("workflow", "envs.txt")
 		(*step.getEnv())["GITHUB_ENV"] = path.Join(actPath, envFileCommand)
 
-		summaryFileCommand := path.Join("workflow", "SUMMARY.md")
+		// Per-step summary file. Composite sub-steps share the outer job step's index
+		// via the Parent chain so all writes from within a composite action accumulate
+		// in the same file and upload under the outer step_index.
+		topRC := rc.topLevelRunContext()
+		stepSummaryIndex := topRC.CurrentStepIndex
+		summaryFileCommand := path.Join("workflow", "step-summary-"+strconv.Itoa(stepSummaryIndex)+".md")
 		(*step.getEnv())["GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"] = path.Join(actPath, summaryFileCommand)
 
 		{
@@ -136,22 +141,23 @@ func runStepExecutor(step step, stage stepStage, executor common.Executor) commo
 			(*step.getEnv())["GITEA_STEP_SUMMARY"] = (*step.getEnv())["GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"]
 		}
 
-		_ = rc.JobContainer.Copy(actPath, &container.FileEntry{
-			Name: outputFileCommand,
-			Mode: 0o666,
-		}, &container.FileEntry{
-			Name: stateFileCommand,
-			Mode: 0o666,
-		}, &container.FileEntry{
-			Name: pathFileCommand,
-			Mode: 0o666,
-		}, &container.FileEntry{
-			Name: envFileCommand,
-			Mode: 0o666,
-		}, &container.FileEntry{
-			Name: summaryFileCommand,
-			Mode: 0o666,
-		})(ctx)
+		// Reset the per-phase file-command files. GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY is intentionally
+		// excluded here and initialized below at most once per step so writes from later
+		// phases and from composite sub-steps accumulate instead of being truncated.
+		files := []*container.FileEntry{
+			{Name: outputFileCommand, Mode: 0o666},
+			{Name: stateFileCommand, Mode: 0o666},
+			{Name: pathFileCommand, Mode: 0o666},
+			{Name: envFileCommand, Mode: 0o666},
+		}
+		if topRC.summaryFileInitialized == nil {
+			topRC.summaryFileInitialized = map[int]bool{}
+		}
+		if !topRC.summaryFileInitialized[stepSummaryIndex] {
+			files = append(files, &container.FileEntry{Name: summaryFileCommand, Mode: 0o666})
+			topRC.summaryFileInitialized[stepSummaryIndex] = true
+		}
+		_ = rc.JobContainer.Copy(actPath, files...)(ctx)
 
 		timeoutctx, cancelTimeOut := evaluateStepTimeout(ctx, rc.ExprEval, stepModel)
 		defer cancelTimeOut()

act/runner/step_action_remote.go

@@ -291,7 +291,9 @@ type remoteAction struct {
 
 func (ra *remoteAction) CloneURL(u string) string {
 	if ra.URL == "" {
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(u, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(u, "https://") {
+		// keep an absolute local path as-is (used by tests to resolve actions from a local
+		// repo); only bare host names get the https:// scheme prepended
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(u, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(u, "https://") && !filepath.IsAbs(u) {
 			u = "https://" + u
 		}
 	} else {

act/runner/step_docker.go

@@ -125,8 +125,6 @@ func (sd *stepDocker) newStepContainer(ctx context.Context, image string, cmd, e
 		Entrypoint:   entrypoint,
 		WorkingDir:   rc.JobContainer.ToContainerPath(rc.Config.Workdir),
 		Image:        image,
-		Username:     rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_USERNAME"],
-		Password:     rc.Config.Secrets["DOCKER_PASSWORD"],
 		Name:         createContainerName(rc.jobContainerName(), "STEP-"+step.ID),
 		Env:          envList,
 		Mounts:       mounts,
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ func (sd *stepDocker) newStepContainer(ctx context.Context, image string, cmd, e
 		UsernsMode:   rc.Config.UsernsMode,
 		Platform:     rc.Config.ContainerArchitecture,
 		AutoRemove:   rc.Config.AutoRemove,
-		ValidVolumes: rc.Config.ValidVolumes,
+		ValidVolumes: rc.validVolumes(),
 		AllocatePTY:  rc.Config.AllocatePTY,
 	})
 	return stepContainer

act/runner/step_docker_test.go

@@ -38,7 +38,12 @@ func TestStepDockerMain(t *testing.T) {
 	sd := &stepDocker{
 		RunContext: &RunContext{
 			StepResults: map[string]*model.StepResult{},
-			Config:      &Config{},
+			Config: &Config{
+				Secrets: map[string]string{
+					"DOCKER_USERNAME": "docker-user",
+					"DOCKER_PASSWORD": "docker-password",
+				},
+			},
 			Run: &model.Run{
 				JobID: "1",
 				Workflow: &model.Workflow{
@@ -106,6 +111,10 @@ func TestStepDockerMain(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "node:14", input.Image)
 
+	// DOCKER_USERNAME/DOCKER_PASSWORD secrets should not be used as implicit pull credentials for docker:// action containers.
+	assert.Empty(t, input.Username)
+	assert.Empty(t, input.Password)
+
 	cm.AssertExpectations(t)
 }
 

act/runner/testdata/.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: local-reusable-workflow
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      string_required:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      bool_required:
+        required: true
+        type: boolean
+      number_required:
+        required: true
+        type: number
+    secrets:
+      secret:
+        required: true
+    outputs:
+      output:
+        value: ${{ jobs.reusable.outputs.output }}
+
+jobs:
+  reusable:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      output: ${{ steps.gen.outputs.output }}
+    steps:
+      - name: check inputs and secret arrived
+        run: |
+          [ "${{ inputs.string_required }}" = "string" ]
+          [ "${{ inputs.bool_required }}" = "true" ]
+          [ "${{ inputs.number_required }}" = "1" ]
+          [ "${{ secrets.secret }}" = "keep_it_private" ]
+      - id: gen
+        run: echo "output=${{ inputs.string_required }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

act/runner/testdata/GITHUB_ENV-use-in-env-ctx/push.yml

@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ jobs:
     env:
       MYGLOBALENV3: myglobalval3
     steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - run: |
         echo MYGLOBALENV1=myglobalval1 > $GITHUB_ENV
         echo "::set-env name=MYGLOBALENV2::myglobalval2"
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/script@main
+    - uses: ./actions/script
       with:
         main: |
           env

act/runner/testdata/GITHUB_STATE/push.yml

@@ -1,48 +1,31 @@
 on: push
 jobs:
+  # State saved in main (via the $GITHUB_STATE file and the ::save-state command) must surface
+  # as $STATE_* in the action's post step.
   _:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/script@main
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: ./actions/script
       with:
-        pre: |
-          env
-          echo mystate0=mystateval > $GITHUB_STATE
-          echo "::save-state name=mystate1::mystateval"
         main: |
-          env
           echo mystate2=mystateval > $GITHUB_STATE
           echo "::save-state name=mystate3::mystateval"
         post: |
-          env
-          [ "$STATE_mystate0" = "mystateval" ]
-          [ "$STATE_mystate1" = "mystateval" ]
           [ "$STATE_mystate2" = "mystateval" ]
           [ "$STATE_mystate3" = "mystateval" ]
+  # State must be isolated per action instance even when two steps use the same action.
   test-id-collision-bug:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/script@main
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: ./actions/script
       id: script
       with:
-        pre: |
-          env
-          echo mystate0=mystateval > $GITHUB_STATE
-          echo "::save-state name=mystate1::mystateval"
-        main: |
-          env
-          echo mystate2=mystateval > $GITHUB_STATE
-          echo "::save-state name=mystate3::mystateval"
-        post: |
-          env
-          [ "$STATE_mystate0" = "mystateval" ]
-          [ "$STATE_mystate1" = "mystateval" ]
-          [ "$STATE_mystate2" = "mystateval" ]
-          [ "$STATE_mystate3" = "mystateval" ]
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/script@main
+        main: echo mystate=val1 > $GITHUB_STATE
+        post: '[ "$STATE_mystate" = "val1" ]'
+    - uses: ./actions/script
       id: pre-script
       with:
-        main: |
-          env
-          echo mystate0=mystateerror > $GITHUB_STATE
-          echo "::save-state name=mystate1::mystateerror"
+        main: echo mystate=val2 > $GITHUB_STATE
+        post: '[ "$STATE_mystate" = "val2" ]'

act/runner/testdata/actions-environment-and-context-tests/docker/Dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM alpine:3.23
+FROM alpine:3.24
 
 COPY entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
 

act/runner/testdata/actions-environment-and-context-tests/push.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,3 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: './actions-environment-and-context-tests/js'
       - uses: './actions-environment-and-context-tests/docker'
-      - uses: 'nektos/act-test-actions/js@main'
-      - uses: 'nektos/act-test-actions/docker@main'
-      - uses: 'nektos/act-test-actions/docker-file@main'
-      - uses: 'nektos/act-test-actions/docker-relative-context/action@main'

act/runner/testdata/actions/script/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: 'script'
+description: 'Run the shell scripts passed as inputs across the pre/main/post lifecycle'
+inputs:
+  main:
+    description: 'shell script to run in the main step'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+  post:
+    description: 'shell script to run in the post step'
+    required: false
+    default: ''
+runs:
+  using: 'node24'
+  main: 'index.js'
+  post: 'post.js'

act/runner/testdata/actions/script/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import {execFileSync} from 'node:child_process';
+
+// Run the `main` input as a bash script; its stdout (workflow commands like
+// ::set-output / ::save-state) and $GITHUB_ENV / $GITHUB_STATE writes are
+// processed by the runner, exactly like the remote script action this replaces.
+const script = process.env.INPUT_MAIN;
+if (script) {
+  execFileSync('bash', ['-eo', 'pipefail', '-c', script], {stdio: 'inherit'});
+}

act/runner/testdata/actions/script/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "script",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module"
+}

act/runner/testdata/actions/script/post.js

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import {execFileSync} from 'node:child_process';
+
+const script = process.env.INPUT_POST;
+if (script) {
+  execFileSync('bash', ['-eo', 'pipefail', '-c', script], {stdio: 'inherit'});
+}

act/runner/testdata/docker-action-custom-path/push.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - run: |
-        FROM ubuntu:latest
+        FROM node:24-bookworm-slim
         ENV PATH="/opt/texlive/texdir/bin/x86_64-linuxmusl:${PATH}"
         ENV ORG_PATH="${PATH}"
         ENTRYPOINT [ "bash", "-c", "echo \"PATH=$PATH\" && echo \"ORG_PATH=$ORG_PATH\" && [[ \"$PATH\" = \"$ORG_PATH\" ]]" ]

act/runner/testdata/issue-1195/push.yml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-on: push
-
-env:
-  variable: "${{ github.repository_owner }}"
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: print env.variable
-        run: |
-          echo ${{ env.variable }}
-          exit ${{ (env.variable == 'nektos') && '0' || '1'}}

act/runner/testdata/issue-597/spelling.yaml

@@ -9,24 +9,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: My first false step
         if: "endsWith('Should not', 'o1')"
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2.0.0
-        with:
-          ref: refs/pull/${{github.event.pull_request.number}}/merge
-          fetch-depth: 5
+        run: exit 1
       - name: My first true step
         if: ${{endsWith('Hello world', 'ld')}}
-        uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@main
-        with:
-          who-to-greet: "Renst the Octocat"
+        run: echo "Renst the Octocat"
       - name: My second false step
         if: "endsWith('Should not evaluate', 'o2')"
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2.0.0
-        with:
-          ref: refs/pull/${{github.event.pull_request.number}}/merge
-          fetch-depth: 5
+        run: exit 1
       - name: My third false step
         if: ${{endsWith('Should not evaluate', 'o3')}}
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2.0.0
-        with:
-          ref: refs/pull/${{github.event.pull_request.number}}/merge
-          fetch-depth: 5
+        run: exit 1

act/runner/testdata/issue-598/spelling.yml

@@ -1,31 +1,21 @@
 name: issue-598
 on: push
-  
+
 
 jobs:
   my_first_job:
-    
+
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: My first false step
         if: "endsWith('Hello world', 'o1')"
-        uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@main
-        with:
-          who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
+        run: exit 1
       - name: My first true step
         if: "!endsWith('Hello world', 'od')"
-        uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@main
-        with:
-          who-to-greet: "Renst the Octocat"
+        run: echo "Renst the Octocat"
       - name: My second false step
         if: "endsWith('Hello world', 'o2')"
-        uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@main
-        with:
-          who-to-greet: 'Act the Octocat'
+        run: exit 1
       - name: My third false step
         if: "endsWith('Hello world', 'o2')"
-        uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@main
-        with:
-          who-to-greet: 'Git the Octocat'
-           
-           
+        run: exit 1

act/runner/testdata/job-container-non-root/push.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     container:
-      image: catthehacker/ubuntu:runner-latest # image with user 'runner:runner' built on tag 'act-latest'
+      image: node:24-bookworm-slim
+      options: --user 1000
     steps:
       - run: echo PASS

act/runner/testdata/local-action-dockerfile/push.yml

@@ -24,4 +24,3 @@ jobs:
         args: ${{format('"{0}"', 'Mona is not the Octocat') }}
         who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
     - run: '[[ "${{ env.SOMEVAR }}" == "Mona is not the Octocat" ]]'
-    - uses: ./localdockerimagetest_

act/runner/testdata/local-action-via-composite-dockerfile/action.yml

@@ -30,11 +30,6 @@ runs:
       who-to-greet: ${{inputs.who-to-greet}}
   - run: '[[ "${{ env.SOMEVAR }}" == "Mona is not the Octocat" ]]'
     shell: bash
-  - uses: ./localdockerimagetest_
-  # Also test a remote docker action here
-  - uses: actions/hello-world-docker-action@v2
-    with:
-      who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
   # Test if GITHUB_ACTION_PATH is set correctly after all steps
   - run: stat $GITHUB_ACTION_PATH/push.yml
     shell: bash

act/runner/testdata/local-remote-action-overrides/push.yml

@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: nektos/test-override@a
+      - uses: https://github.com/nektos/test-override@a
       - uses: nektos/test-override@b

act/runner/testdata/matrix-include-exclude/push.yml

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-name: matrix-include-exclude
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    name: PHP ${{ matrix.os }} ${{ matrix.node}}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    steps:
-      - run: echo ${NODE_VERSION} | grep ${{ matrix.node }}
-        env:
-          NODE_VERSION: ${{ matrix.node }}
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, macos-latest]
-        node: [4, 6, 8, 10]
-        exclude:
-          - os: macos-latest
-            node: 4
-        include:
-          - os: ubuntu-16.04
-            node: 10
-
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        node: [8.x, 10.x, 12.x, 13.x]
-    steps:
-      - run: echo ${NODE_VERSION} | grep ${{ matrix.node }}
-        env:
-          NODE_VERSION: ${{ matrix.node }}

act/runner/testdata/no-panic-on-invalid-composite-action/push.yml

@@ -18,12 +18,4 @@ jobs:
         runs:
           using: composite
       shell: cp {0} action.yml
-    - uses: ./
-  remote-invalid-step:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/invalid-composite-action/invalid-step@main
-  remote-missing-steps:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/invalid-composite-action/missing-steps@main
+    - uses: ./

act/runner/testdata/path-handling/push.yml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
-      - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite@main
+      - uses: ./path-handling/
         with:
           input: some input
 

act/runner/testdata/remote-action-composite-action-ref/push.yml

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-name: remote-action-composite-action-ref
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-assert-action-ref-action@main

act/runner/testdata/remote-action-composite-js-pre-with-defaults/push.yml

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-name: remote-action-composite-js-pre-with-defaults
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-js-pre-with-defaults/js@main
-      with:
-        in: nix
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-js-pre-with-defaults@main
-      with:
-        in: secretval
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-js-pre-with-defaults@main
-      with:
-        in: secretval
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-js-pre-with-defaults/js@main
-      with:
-        pre: "true"
-        in: nix
-    - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/composite-js-pre-with-defaults/js@main
-      with:
-        in: nix

act/runner/testdata/remote-action-docker/push.yml

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-name: remote-action-docker
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/hello-world-docker-action@v1
-      with:
-        who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'

act/runner/testdata/remote-action-js-node-user/push.yml

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-name: remote-action-js
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container:
-      image: node:24-bookworm-slim
-      options: --user node
-    steps:
-    - name: check permissions of env files
-      id: test
-      run: |
-        echo "USER: $(id -un) expected: node"
-        [[ "$(id -un)" = "node" ]]
-        echo "TEST=Value" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      shell: bash
-
-    - name: check if file command worked
-      if: steps.test.outputs.test != 'Value'
-      run: |
-        echo "steps.test.outputs.test=${{ steps.test.outputs.test || 'missing value!' }}"
-        exit 1
-      shell: bash
-
-    - uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@v1
-      with:
-        who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
-
-    - uses: cloudposse/actions/github/slash-command-dispatch@0.14.0

act/runner/testdata/remote-action-js/push.yml

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-name: remote-action-js
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@v1
-      with:
-        who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
-
-    - uses: cloudposse/actions/github/slash-command-dispatch@0.14.0

act/runner/testdata/runs-on/push.yml

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-name: runs-on
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - run: env
-    - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR} 
-    - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR} | grep nektos/act
-
-  many:
-    runs-on: [ubuntu-latest]
-    steps:
-      - run: env
-      - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR}
-      - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR} | grep nektos/act
-
-  selfmany:
-    runs-on: [self-hosted, ubuntu-latest]
-    steps:
-      - run: env
-      - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR}
-      - run: echo ${GITHUB_ACTOR} | grep nektos/act

act/runner/testdata/services-host-network/push.yml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-name: services-host-network
-on: push
-jobs:
-  services-host-network:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    services:
-      nginx:
-        image: "nginx:latest"
-        ports:
-          - "8080:80"
-    steps:
-      - run: apt-get -qq update && apt-get -yqq install --no-install-recommends curl net-tools
-      - run: netstat -tlpen
-      - run: curl -v http://localhost:8080

act/runner/testdata/services-with-container/push.yml

@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-containerized-services/about-service-containers#running-jobs-in-a-container
     container:
-      image: "ubuntu:latest"
+      image: "node:24-bookworm-slim"
     services:
       nginx:
-        image: "nginx:latest"
-        ports:
-          - "8080:80"
+        image: "nginx:alpine"
     steps:
       - run: apt-get -qq update && apt-get -yqq install --no-install-recommends curl
+      # reach the service over the shared job network by its alias, no host port needed
       - run: curl -v http://nginx:80

act/runner/testdata/services/push.yaml

@@ -6,18 +6,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     services:
       postgres:
-        image: postgres:12
-        env:
-          POSTGRES_USER: runner
-          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: mysecretdbpass
-          POSTGRES_DB: mydb
-        options: >-
-          --health-cmd pg_isready
-          --health-interval 10s
-          --health-timeout 5s
-          --health-retries 5
+        image: nginx:alpine
         ports:
-          - 5432:5432
+          - 80
     steps:
       - name: Echo the Postgres service ID / Network / Ports
         run: |

act/runner/testdata/shells/pwsh/push.yml

@@ -8,13 +8,6 @@ jobs:
       - shell: ${{ env.MY_SHELL }}
         run: |
           $PSVersionTable
-  check-container:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: catthehacker/ubuntu:pwsh-latest
-    steps:
-      - shell: ${{ env.MY_SHELL }}
-        run: |
-          $PSVersionTable
   check-job-default:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     defaults:

act/runner/testdata/shells/python/push.yml

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-on: push
-env:
-  MY_SHELL: python
-jobs:
-  check:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - shell: ${{ env.MY_SHELL }}
-        run: |
-          import platform
-          print(platform.python_version())
-  check-container:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: node:24-bookworm
-    steps:
-      - shell: ${{ env.MY_SHELL }}
-        run: |
-          import platform
-          print(platform.python_version())
-  check-job-default:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: ${{ env.MY_SHELL }}
-    steps:
-      - run: |
-          import platform
-          print(platform.python_version())

act/runner/testdata/uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step/last-action/action.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-name: "last action check"
-description: "last action check"
-
-runs:
-  using: "node24"
-  main: main.js
-  post: post.js

act/runner/testdata/uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step/last-action/post.js

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-const pre = process.env['ACTION_OUTPUT_PRE'];
-const main = process.env['ACTION_OUTPUT_MAIN'];
-const post = process.env['ACTION_OUTPUT_POST'];
-
-console.log({pre, main, post});
-
-if (pre !== 'pre') {
-  throw new Error(`Expected 'pre' but got '${pre}'`);
-}
-
-if (main !== 'main') {
-  throw new Error(`Expected 'main' but got '${main}'`);
-}
-
-if (post !== 'post') {
-  throw new Error(`Expected 'post' but got '${post}'`);
-}

act/runner/testdata/uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step/push.yml

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-name: uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - uses: ./uses-action-with-pre-and-post-step/last-action
-      - uses: nektos/act-test-actions/js-with-pre-and-post-step@main
-        with:
-          pre: true
-          post: true
-      - run: |
-          cat $GITHUB_ENV

act/runner/testdata/uses-github-full-sha/main.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-name: uses-github-root
-on: push
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/hello-world-docker-action@b136eb8894c5cb1dd5807da824be97ccdf9b5423

act/runner/testdata/uses-github-path/push.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-name: uses-github-path
-on: push
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: sergioramos/yarn-actions/install@v6

act/runner/testdata/uses-github-short-sha/main.yml

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-name: uses-github-root
-on: push
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/hello-world-docker-action@b136eb8

act/runner/testdata/uses-nested-composite/composite_action2/action.yml

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
----
-name: "Test Composite Action"
-description: "Test action uses composite"
-
-inputs:
-  test_input_optional:
-    description: Test
-
-runs:
-  using: "composite"
-  steps:
-  - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
-    with:
-      node-version: '24'
-  - run: |
-      console.log(process.version);
-      console.log("Hi from node");
-      console.log("${{ inputs.test_input_optional }}");
-      if("${{ inputs.test_input_optional }}" !== "Test") {
-        console.log("Invalid input test_input_optional expected \"Test\" as value");
-        process.exit(1);
-      }
-      if(!process.version.startsWith('v16')) {
-        console.log("Expected node v16, but got " + process.version);
-        process.exit(1);
-      }
-    shell: node {0}
-  - uses: ./uses-composite/composite_action
-    id: composite
-    with:
-      test_input_required: 'test_input_required_value'
-      test_input_optional: 'test_input_optional_value'
-      test_input_optional_with_default_overriden: 'test_input_optional_with_default_overriden'
-      test_input_required_with_default: 'test_input_optional_value'
-      test_input_required_with_default_overriden: 'test_input_required_with_default_overriden'
-      secret_input: ${{inputs.test_input_optional}}
-    env:
-      secret_input: ${{inputs.test_input_optional}}
-  - run: |
-      echo "steps.composite.outputs.test_output=${{ steps.composite.outputs.test_output }}"
-      [[ "${{steps.composite.outputs.test_output == 'test_output_value'}}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-    shell: bash
-  - run: |
-      echo "steps.composite.outputs.secret_output=${{ steps.composite.outputs.secret_output }}"
-      [[ "${{steps.composite.outputs.secret_output == format('{0}/{0}', inputs.test_input_optional)}}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-    shell: bash
-  # Now test again with default values
-  - name: ./uses-composite/composite_action with defaults
-    uses: ./uses-composite/composite_action
-    id: composite2
-    with:
-      test_input_required: 'test_input_required_value'
-      test_input_optional_with_default_overriden: 'test_input_optional_with_default_overriden'
-      test_input_required_with_default_overriden: 'test_input_required_with_default_overriden'
-
-  - run: |
-      echo "steps.composite2.outputs.test_output=${{ steps.composite2.outputs.test_output }}"
-      [[ "${{steps.composite2.outputs.test_output == 'test_output_value'}}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-    shell: bash
-  - run: |
-      echo "steps.composite.outputs.secret_output=$COMPOSITE_ACTION_ENV_OUTPUT"
-      [[ "${{env.COMPOSITE_ACTION_ENV_OUTPUT == 'my test value' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-    shell: bash

act/runner/testdata/uses-nested-composite/push.yml

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-name: uses-docker-url
-on: push
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - uses: ./uses-nested-composite/composite_action2
-      with:
-        test_input_optional: Test
-    - run: |
-        echo "steps.composite.outputs.secret_output=$COMPOSITE_ACTION_ENV_OUTPUT"
-        [[ "${{env.COMPOSITE_ACTION_ENV_OUTPUT == 'my test value' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-      shell: bash

act/runner/testdata/uses-workflow/local-workflow.yml

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-name: local-reusable-workflows
-on: pull_request
-
-jobs:
-  reusable-workflow:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow.yml
-    with:
-      string_required: string
-      bool_required: ${{ true }}
-      number_required: 1
-    secrets:
-      secret: keep_it_private
-
-  reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow.yml
-    with:
-      string_required: string
-      bool_required: ${{ true }}
-      number_required: 1
-    secrets: inherit
-
-  reusable-workflow-with-on-string-notation:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow-no-inputs-string.yml
-
-  reusable-workflow-with-on-array-notation:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow-no-inputs-array.yml
-
-  output-test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
-      - reusable-workflow
-      - reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets
-    steps:
-      - name: output with secrets map
-        run: |
-          echo reusable-workflow.output=${{ needs.reusable-workflow.outputs.output }}
-          [[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow.outputs.output == 'string' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-
-      - name: output with inherited secrets
-        run: |
-          echo reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.output=${{ needs.reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.outputs.output }}
-          [[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.outputs.output == 'string' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1

act/runner/testdata/uses-workflow/push.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 on: push
 
+# Exercises the reusable-workflow caller path against a local reusable workflow: passing typed
+# inputs and secrets (both an explicit map and `inherit`), and reading the called workflow's
+# outputs back through `needs`.
 jobs:
   reusable-workflow:
-    uses: nektos/act-test-actions/.github/workflows/reusable-workflow.yml@main
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow.yml
     with:
       string_required: string
       bool_required: ${{ true }}
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       secret: keep_it_private
 
   reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets:
-    uses: nektos/act-test-actions/.github/workflows/reusable-workflow.yml@main
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/local-reusable-workflow.yml
     with:
       string_required: string
       bool_required: ${{ true }}
@@ -24,12 +27,5 @@ jobs:
       - reusable-workflow
       - reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets
     steps:
-      - name: output with secrets map
-        run: |
-          echo reusable-workflow.output=${{ needs.reusable-workflow.outputs.output }}
-          [[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow.outputs.output == 'string' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
-
-      - name: output with inherited secrets
-        run: |
-          echo reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.output=${{ needs.reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.outputs.output }}
-          [[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.outputs.output == 'string' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1
+      - run: '[[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow.outputs.output == ''string'' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1'
+      - run: '[[ "${{ needs.reusable-workflow-with-inherited-secrets.outputs.output == ''string'' }}" = "true" ]] || exit 1'

go.mod

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ module gitea.com/gitea/runner
 go 1.26.0
 
 require (
-	code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go v0.4.1
 	connectrpc.com/connect v1.20.0
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2
+	gitea.dev/actions-proto-go v0.6.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0
 	github.com/avast/retry-go/v5 v5.0.0
 	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0
 	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0
-	github.com/docker/cli v29.5.2+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/cli v29.5.3+incompatible
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.7.0
 	github.com/go-git/go-billy/v5 v5.9.0
 	github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.19.1
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/moby/moby/client v0.4.1
 	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.1
 	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1
-	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.1
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/rhysd/actionlint v1.7.12
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/timshannon/bolthold v0.0.0-20240314194003-30aac6950928
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v4 v4.0.0-rc.3
-	golang.org/x/term v0.43.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.44.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 	gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2
 	tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface v1.1.0
@@ -103,10 +104,9 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.43.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.50.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.53.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.54.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.44.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go v0.4.1 h1:l0EYhjsgpUe/1VABo2eK7zcoNX2W44WOnb0MSLrKfls=
-code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go v0.4.1/go.mod h1:mn7Wkqz6JbnTOHQpot3yDeHx+O5C9EGhMEE+htvHBas=
-connectrpc.com/connect v1.19.2 h1:McQ83FGdzL+t60peksi0gXC7MQ/iLKgLduAnThbM0mo=
-connectrpc.com/connect v1.19.2/go.mod h1:tN20fjdGlewnSFeZxLKb0xwIZ6ozc3OQs2hTXy4du9w=
 connectrpc.com/connect v1.20.0 h1:6TNDAB+WeNd2uolWNlYczB5E0KNNaVMNUEx8JEUsPmQ=
 connectrpc.com/connect v1.20.0/go.mod h1:A2ygJrukXwWy32vkCAAHNVguZrqZ+jeZ9rGRnGR4dN4=
 cyphar.com/go-pathrs v0.2.3 h1:0pH8gep37wB0BgaXrEaN1OtZhUMeS7VvaejSr6i822o=
 cyphar.com/go-pathrs v0.2.3/go.mod h1:y8f1EMG7r+hCuFf/rXsKqMJrJAUoADZGNh5/vZPKcGc=
 dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 h1:85+piFYR1tMbRrLcDwR18y4UKJ3aH1Tbzi24VRW1TK8=
 dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2/go.mod h1:E/hbnu0NxMFBjpMIE34DRGLWqDy0g5FuKDhCb31ngxA=
+gitea.dev/actions-proto-go v0.6.0 h1:gjllYQ5vmwlkqOeofTQu5qKTZpmf7kWsafoHvoPCSzY=
+gitea.dev/actions-proto-go v0.6.0/go.mod h1:p4RX+D9oqiEEzzkPMXscw2CmaGuYFPWFc6xIOmDNDqs=
 github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6 h1:He8afgbRMd7mFxO99hRNu+6tazq8nFF9lIwo9JFroBk=
 github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6/go.mod h1:8o94RPi1/7XTJvwPpRSzSUedZrtlirdB3r9Z20bi2f8=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0 h1:H65muMkzWKEuNDnfl9d70GUjFniHKHRbFPGBuZ3QEww=
@@ -49,8 +47,8 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5QvfrDyIgxBk=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0/go.mod h1:BbU0aIcezP1/5jX/8MP0YiH4SdvB5Y4f/wlDRiLyi3E=
-github.com/docker/cli v29.5.2+incompatible h1:ubykJ1Y8LmNRGJ2BuMQ0kHOt/RO1YzGNswqWMJgivuQ=
-github.com/docker/cli v29.5.2+incompatible/go.mod h1:JLrzqnKDaYBop7H2jaqPtU4hHvMKP+vjCwu2uszcLI8=
+github.com/docker/cli v29.5.3+incompatible h1:nbEFfz774vBwQ5KRYv7c/AghjReqnGISvrRhzjV0evs=
+github.com/docker/cli v29.5.3+incompatible/go.mod h1:JLrzqnKDaYBop7H2jaqPtU4hHvMKP+vjCwu2uszcLI8=
 github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.6 h1:cT2PbRPSlnMmNTfT2TDMXRyQ1KMWHG7xoTLBcn1ZNv0=
 github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.6/go.mod h1:v1S+hepowrQXITkEfw6o4+BMbGot02wiKpzWhGUZK6c=
 github.com/docker/go-connections v0.7.0 h1:6SsRfJddP22WMrCkj19x9WKjEDTB+ahsdiGYf0mN39c=
@@ -149,10 +147,8 @@ github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 h1:apOUWs51W5PlhuyGyz9FCeeBIOUDA/6nW8
 github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0/go.mod h1:0JzlMkj0TRzQZfJkVvzbP0HBR3IKzErnv2BNG4W4MAM=
 github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 h1:y0fUlFfIZhPF1W537XOLg0/fcx6zcHCJwooC2xJA040=
 github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1/go.mod h1:qpqAh3Dmcf36wStyyWU+kCeDgrGnAve2nCC8+7h8Q0M=
-github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.14.1 h1:a7XlXV/nN/l5zFP1FWZYoExpClu1QOPMfWUV2CZ8kEQ=
-github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.14.1/go.mod h1:LenyElirjUHszfxrjuFqC85HIeXZKumHcKMQtnaDlQQ=
-github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.0 h1:4Gs40e/R2FvM8PC1HPaPncLLaDor8Y2WDfk5gjU9o5M=
-github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.0/go.mod h1:LenyElirjUHszfxrjuFqC85HIeXZKumHcKMQtnaDlQQ=
+github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.1 h1:ERxeh5caJvCzNAKdI8WQbJmB1LDTn4BuaAg8wihLBpA=
+github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.1/go.mod h1:LenyElirjUHszfxrjuFqC85HIeXZKumHcKMQtnaDlQQ=
 github.com/pjbgf/sha1cd v0.6.0 h1:3WJ8Wz8gvDz29quX1OcEmkAlUg9diU4GxJHqs0/XiwU=
 github.com/pjbgf/sha1cd v0.6.0/go.mod h1:lhpGlyHLpQZoxMv8HcgXvZEhcGs0PG/vsZnEJ7H0iCM=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
@@ -237,13 +233,13 @@ go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4/go.mod h1:DhzuOOF2ATzADvBadXxruRBLzYTpT36CKvDb3+aBEFg=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v4 v4.0.0-rc.3 h1:3h1fjsh1CTAPjW7q/EMe+C8shx5d8ctzZTrLcs/j8Go=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v4 v4.0.0-rc.3/go.mod h1:aZqd9kCMsGL7AuUv/m/PvWLdg5sjJsZ4oHDEnfPPfY0=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.50.0 h1:zO47/JPrL6vsNkINmLoo/PH1gcxpls50DNogFvB5ZGI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.50.0/go.mod h1:3muZ7vA7PBCE6xgPX7nkzzjiUq87kRItoJQM1Yo8S+Q=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0 h1:RMs7fP2rXdep0CftQlK8Uf+kibLm7qkCcradZWYz988=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0/go.mod h1:1QgfPxDqh0T2M/elOJtp9RvuR95kVjir0e6/BvEmGbc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260410095643-746e56fc9e2f h1:W3F4c+6OLc6H2lb//N1q4WpJkhzJCK5J6kUi1NTVXfM=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260410095643-746e56fc9e2f/go.mod h1:J1xhfL/vlindoeF/aINzNzt2Bket5bjo9sdOYzOsU80=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
-golang.org/x/net v0.53.0 h1:d+qAbo5L0orcWAr0a9JweQpjXF19LMXJE8Ey7hwOdUA=
-golang.org/x/net v0.53.0/go.mod h1:JvMuJH7rrdiCfbeHoo3fCQU24Lf5JJwT9W3sJFulfgs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.54.0 h1:2zJIZAxAHV/OHCDTCOHAYehQzLfSXuf/5SoL/Dv6w/w=
+golang.org/x/net v0.54.0/go.mod h1:Sj4oj8jK6XmHpBZU/zWHw3BV3abl4Kvi+Ut7cQcY+cQ=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191026070338-33540a1f6037/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -254,14 +250,16 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.4.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.15.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.44.0 h1:ildZl3J4uzeKP07r2F++Op7E9B29JRUy+a27EibtBTQ=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.44.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0 h1:noSf2Fq6F8DBgS+LysIkx7rIExoNHJsxOAtPp4rthXw=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.43.0 h1:S4RLU2sB31O/NCl+zFN9Aru9A/Cq2aqKpTZJ6B+DwT4=
 golang.org/x/term v0.43.0/go.mod h1:lrhlHNdQJHO+1qVYiHfFKVuVioJIheAc3fBSMFYEIsk=
+golang.org/x/term v0.44.0 h1:0rLvDRCtNj0gZkyIXhCyOb2OAzEhLVqc4B+hrsBhrmc=
+golang.org/x/term v0.44.0/go.mod h1:7ze4MdzUzLXpSAoFP1H0bOI9aXDqveSvatT5vKcFh2Y=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.36.0 h1:JfKh3XmcRPqZPKevfXVpI1wXPTqbkE5f7JA92a55Yxg=
-golang.org/x/text v0.36.0/go.mod h1:NIdBknypM8iqVmPiuco0Dh6P5Jcdk8lJL0CUebqK164=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 h1:Cqjiwd9eSg8e0QAkyCaQTNHFIIzWtidPahFWR83rTrc=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0/go.mod h1:a5sjxXGs9hsn/AJVwuElvCAo9v8QYLzvavO5z2PiM38=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=

internal/app/cmd/daemon.go

@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ func runDaemon(ctx context.Context, daemArgs *daemonArgs, configFile *string) fu
 			log.Infof("runner: %s, with version: %s, with labels: %v, declare successfully",
 				resp.Msg.Runner.Name, resp.Msg.Runner.Version, resp.Msg.Runner.Labels)
 		}
+		runner.SetCapabilitiesFromDeclare(resp)
 
 		if cfg.Metrics.Enabled {
 			metrics.Init()

internal/app/cmd/register.go

@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/app/run"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/client"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/config"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/labels"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/ver"
 
-	pingv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/ping/v1"
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"connectrpc.com/connect"
+	pingv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/ping/v1"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"github.com/mattn/go-isatty"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -365,11 +366,12 @@ func doRegister(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, inputs *registerInputs)
 	}
 	// register new runner.
 	resp, err := cli.Register(ctx, connect.NewRequest(&runnerv1.RegisterRequest{
-		Name:      reg.Name,
-		Token:     reg.Token,
-		Version:   ver.Version(),
-		Labels:    ls,
-		Ephemeral: reg.Ephemeral,
+		Name:         reg.Name,
+		Token:        reg.Token,
+		Version:      ver.Version(),
+		Labels:       ls,
+		Ephemeral:    reg.Ephemeral,
+		Capabilities: run.RunnerCapabilities(),
 	}))
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("poller: cannot register new runner")

internal/app/poll/poller.go

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import (
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/config"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/metrics"
 
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"connectrpc.com/connect"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 

internal/app/poll/poller_test.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/client/mocks"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/config"
 
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	connect_go "connectrpc.com/connect"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"

internal/app/run/runner.go

@@ -31,12 +31,24 @@ import (
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/report"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/ver"
 
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"connectrpc.com/connect"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/container"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+// CapabilityCancelling tells the server this runner understands the
+// transitional cancelling state and will run post-step cleanup before
+// finalizing a task as RESULT_CANCELLED.
+const CapabilityCancelling = "cancelling"
+
+// RunnerCapabilities are the capability flags this runner advertises to the
+// server during registration and declaration. The server uses them to enable
+// transitional features that require runner-side support.
+func RunnerCapabilities() []string {
+	return []string{CapabilityCancelling}
+}
+
 // Runner runs the pipeline.
 type Runner struct {
 	name string
@@ -47,6 +59,7 @@ type Runner struct {
 	labels       labels.Labels
 	envs         map[string]string
 	cacheHandler *artifactcache.Handler
+	capabilities string
 
 	runningTasks            sync.Map
 	runningCount            atomic.Int64
@@ -114,15 +127,22 @@ func (r *Runner) OnIdle(ctx context.Context) {
 	if !r.shouldRunIdleCleanup() {
 		return
 	}
-	workdirParent := strings.TrimLeft(r.cfg.Container.WorkdirParent, "/")
-	workdirRoot := filepath.FromSlash("/" + workdirParent)
-	r.cleanupStaleTaskDirs(ctx, workdirRoot)
+	// Bind-workdir mode: reclaim stale per-task workspace dirs (numeric task IDs).
+	if r.cfg.Container.BindWorkdir {
+		workdirParent := strings.TrimLeft(r.cfg.Container.WorkdirParent, "/")
+		workdirRoot := filepath.FromSlash("/" + workdirParent)
+		r.cleanupStaleDirs(ctx, workdirRoot, isTaskIDDir)
+	}
+	// Host mode: reclaim per-job scratch dirs left behind when HostEnvironment
+	// cleanup timed out (e.g. a delete stalled by an AV/EDR filter driver). They
+	// sit under the host workdir parent alongside the shared tool_cache, which
+	// the name match leaves untouched. No-op when no host-mode job ever ran.
+	if hostRoot := filepath.FromSlash(r.cfg.Host.WorkdirParent); hostRoot != "" {
+		r.cleanupStaleDirs(ctx, hostRoot, isHostScratchDir)
+	}
 }
 
 func (r *Runner) shouldRunIdleCleanup() bool {
-	if !r.cfg.Container.BindWorkdir {
-		return false
-	}
 	if r.cfg.Runner.WorkdirCleanupAge <= 0 || r.cfg.Runner.IdleCleanupInterval <= 0 {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -142,18 +162,52 @@ func (r *Runner) shouldRunIdleCleanup() bool {
 	}
 }
 
+// cleanupStaleTaskDirs reclaims stale bind-workdir per-task directories under
+// workdirRoot. Retained as a thin wrapper so existing callers and tests keep a
+// stable entry point.
 func (r *Runner) cleanupStaleTaskDirs(ctx context.Context, workdirRoot string) {
-	entries, err := os.ReadDir(workdirRoot)
+	r.cleanupStaleDirs(ctx, workdirRoot, isTaskIDDir)
+}
+
+// isTaskIDDir reports whether name is a per-task workspace dir (numeric task
+// ID). Any other directory is skipped to avoid deleting operator-managed data
+// under workdir_root.
+func isTaskIDDir(name string) bool {
+	_, err := strconv.ParseUint(name, 10, 64)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// isHostScratchDir reports whether name is a per-job host-mode scratch dir:
+// hex.EncodeToString of 8 random bytes, i.e. exactly 16 lowercase hex chars
+// (see startHostEnvironment in act/runner/run_context.go). The narrow match
+// leaves the sibling shared "tool_cache" dir and any operator data untouched.
+func isHostScratchDir(name string) bool {
+	if len(name) != 16 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, c := range name {
+		if (c < '0' || c > '9') && (c < 'a' || c > 'f') {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// cleanupStaleDirs removes immediate child directories of root that match and
+// whose mtime is older than WorkdirCleanupAge. It is a no-op when root does not
+// exist yet (the runner has never written there).
+func (r *Runner) cleanupStaleDirs(ctx context.Context, root string, match func(name string) bool) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(root)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return
 		}
-		log.Warnf("failed to list task workspace root %s for stale cleanup: %v", workdirRoot, err)
+		log.Warnf("failed to list directory %s for stale cleanup: %v", root, err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	// A task may begin between shouldRunIdleCleanup's running-count check and
-	// the loop below. That is safe because new task dirs are created with the
+	// the loop below. That is safe because new dirs are created with the
 	// current mtime and therefore fall on the keep side of cutoff.
 	cutoff := r.now().Add(-r.cfg.Runner.WorkdirCleanupAge)
 	for _, entry := range entries {
@@ -163,28 +217,34 @@ func (r *Runner) cleanupStaleTaskDirs(ctx context.Context, workdirRoot string) {
 		if !entry.IsDir() {
 			continue
 		}
-		// Task workspaces are indexed by numeric task IDs; skip any other
-		// directories to avoid deleting operator-managed data under workdir_root.
-		if _, err := strconv.ParseUint(entry.Name(), 10, 64); err != nil {
+		if !match(entry.Name()) {
 			continue
 		}
 		info, err := entry.Info()
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to stat task workspace %s: %v", filepath.Join(workdirRoot, entry.Name()), err)
+			log.Warnf("failed to stat %s: %v", filepath.Join(root, entry.Name()), err)
 			continue
 		}
 		if info.ModTime().After(cutoff) {
 			continue
 		}
-		taskDir := filepath.Join(workdirRoot, entry.Name())
-		if err := os.RemoveAll(taskDir); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to clean stale task workspace %s: %v", taskDir, err)
+		dir := filepath.Join(root, entry.Name())
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(dir); err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed to clean stale directory %s: %v", dir, err)
 			continue
 		}
-		log.Infof("cleaned stale task workspace %s", taskDir)
+		log.Infof("cleaned stale directory %s", dir)
 	}
 }
 
+func (r *Runner) SetCapabilitiesFromDeclare(resp *connect.Response[runnerv1.DeclareResponse]) {
+	if resp == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// Capability negotiation is done via response headers to avoid a hard proto bump.
+	r.capabilities = strings.TrimSpace(resp.Header().Get("X-Gitea-Actions-Capabilities"))
+}
+
 func (r *Runner) Run(ctx context.Context, task *runnerv1.Task) error {
 	if _, ok := r.runningTasks.Load(task.Id); ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("task %d is already running", task.Id)
@@ -219,9 +279,10 @@ func (r *Runner) Run(ctx context.Context, task *runnerv1.Task) error {
 }
 
 func (r *Runner) cloneEnvs() map[string]string {
-	// +3 reserves space for the per-task keys injected by run():
-	// ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL, ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_TOKEN, ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN.
-	envs := make(map[string]string, len(r.envs)+3)
+	// Reserve space for the per-task keys injected by run():
+	// ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL, ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_TOKEN, ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN,
+	// GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES, GITEA_RUN_ID.
+	envs := make(map[string]string, len(r.envs)+5)
 	maps.Copy(envs, r.envs)
 	return envs
 }
@@ -261,6 +322,13 @@ func (r *Runner) run(ctx context.Context, task *runnerv1.Task, reporter *report.
 	taskContext := task.Context.Fields
 	envs := r.cloneEnvs()
 
+	if r.capabilities != "" {
+		envs["GITEA_ACTIONS_CAPABILITIES"] = r.capabilities
+	}
+	if v := taskContext["run_id"].GetStringValue(); v != "" {
+		envs["GITEA_RUN_ID"] = v
+	}
+
 	log.Infof("task %v repo is %v %v %v", task.Id, taskContext["repository"].GetStringValue(),
 		r.getDefaultActionsURL(task),
 		r.client.Address())
@@ -487,7 +555,8 @@ func (r *Runner) RunningCount() int64 {
 
 func (r *Runner) Declare(ctx context.Context, labels []string) (*connect.Response[runnerv1.DeclareResponse], error) {
 	return r.client.Declare(ctx, connect.NewRequest(&runnerv1.DeclareRequest{
-		Version: ver.Version(),
-		Labels:  labels,
+		Version:      ver.Version(),
+		Labels:       labels,
+		Capabilities: RunnerCapabilities(),
 	}))
 }

internal/app/run/runner_idle_cleanup_test.go

@@ -52,6 +52,55 @@ func TestRunnerCleanupStaleTaskDirs(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.DirExists(t, alphaNumericTask)
 }
 
+// TestRunnerOnIdleCleansStaleHostScratchDirs covers the host-mode leak path:
+// a per-job scratch dir (16 hex chars) left behind by a timed-out cleanup must
+// be reclaimed, while the shared tool_cache and operator data are preserved.
+func TestRunnerOnIdleCleansStaleHostScratchDirs(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Date(2026, time.April, 29, 20, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	hostRoot := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "act")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(hostRoot, 0o700))
+
+	staleScratch := filepath.Join(hostRoot, "0123456789abcdef") // 16 hex
+	freshScratch := filepath.Join(hostRoot, "fedcba9876543210")
+	toolCache := filepath.Join(hostRoot, "tool_cache")
+	operatorData := filepath.Join(hostRoot, "keep-me")
+	for _, path := range []string{staleScratch, freshScratch, toolCache, operatorData} {
+		require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(path, 0o700))
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(staleScratch, now.Add(-48*time.Hour), now.Add(-48*time.Hour)))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(freshScratch, now.Add(-10*time.Minute), now.Add(-10*time.Minute)))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(toolCache, now.Add(-72*time.Hour), now.Add(-72*time.Hour)))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chtimes(operatorData, now.Add(-72*time.Hour), now.Add(-72*time.Hour)))
+
+	r := &Runner{
+		cfg: &config.Config{
+			Host: config.Host{WorkdirParent: hostRoot},
+			Runner: config.Runner{
+				WorkdirCleanupAge:   24 * time.Hour,
+				IdleCleanupInterval: time.Minute,
+			},
+		},
+		now: func() time.Time { return now },
+	}
+
+	r.OnIdle(context.Background())
+
+	assert.NoDirExists(t, staleScratch) // stale scratch reclaimed
+	assert.DirExists(t, freshScratch)   // within cleanup age, kept
+	assert.DirExists(t, toolCache)      // shared cache, never a scratch match
+	assert.DirExists(t, operatorData)   // non-hex name, untouched
+}
+
+func TestIsHostScratchDir(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.True(t, isHostScratchDir("0123456789abcdef"))
+	assert.True(t, isHostScratchDir("ffffffffffffffff"))
+	assert.False(t, isHostScratchDir("tool_cache"))
+	assert.False(t, isHostScratchDir("0123456789ABCDEF"))  // hex.EncodeToString is lowercase
+	assert.False(t, isHostScratchDir("0123456789abcde"))   // 15 chars
+	assert.False(t, isHostScratchDir("0123456789abcdef0")) // 17 chars
+	assert.False(t, isHostScratchDir("123"))
+}
+
 func TestRunnerCleanupStaleTaskDirsMissingRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	r := &Runner{
 		cfg: &config.Config{
@@ -135,7 +184,10 @@ func TestRunnerShouldRunIdleCleanupSkipsWhenJobRunning(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, r.shouldRunIdleCleanup())
 }
 
-func TestRunnerShouldRunIdleCleanupSkipsWhenBindWorkdirDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+// Idle cleanup runs regardless of bind_workdir: host mode (bind_workdir off)
+// still leaves per-job scratch dirs that the sweep must reclaim.
+func TestRunnerShouldRunIdleCleanupRunsWithoutBindWorkdir(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Date(2026, time.April, 29, 20, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
 	r := &Runner{
 		cfg: &config.Config{
 			Runner: config.Runner{
@@ -143,10 +195,10 @@ func TestRunnerShouldRunIdleCleanupSkipsWhenBindWorkdirDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 				IdleCleanupInterval: time.Minute,
 			},
 		},
-		now: time.Now,
+		now: func() time.Time { return now },
 	}
 
-	assert.False(t, r.shouldRunIdleCleanup())
+	assert.True(t, r.shouldRunIdleCleanup())
 }
 
 func TestRunnerShouldRunIdleCleanupSkipsWhenDisabled(t *testing.T) {

internal/app/run/workflow.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
 
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
 )
 

internal/app/run/workflow_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/model"
 
-	runnerv1 "code.gitea.io/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
+	runnerv1 "gitea.dev/actions-proto-go/runner/v1"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v4"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/assert"